Organizational Culture Essay

Since there are so many other competitors suddenly appear on the horizon, and Samsung have to create a lot of new creativity to face all the compete, they have to create their new organization culture. The new theme of corporate culture is â€Å"Creative†, to building a creative corporate culture, Samsung have to set a few characteristics to put into practice. Based on the research, Samsung adopting a program which is â€Å"Flexible Time† tp maximize employee creativity and another program is monitoring â€Å"Over-time Work† to help improve life quality o employees in year 2008. The material that issues regarding â€Å"Building a Creative Corporate Culture† was identified as : Samsung also promoting a creative organizational culture using some organization behavior concepts which are: * Encouraging Suggestions for Work Process Improvement Samsung Electronics implements various programs to support employees’ suggestions so that ideas can bear fruit. They offer incentives for the filing of patents, provide a knowledge management system to share expertise and knowledge amongst employees, and support community activities. They also offer incentives for idea suggestions to encourage their employees to proactively participate in knowledge sharing within Samsung Electronics. As a result, a total of 3,515 patents were filed in the U.S. in 2008. * Adopting a Flexible Time program Samsung Electronics adopted a â€Å"Flexible Time† test program in 2008 in selected business divisions to maximize the creativity of its employees. This test was the expression of their determination to shift from a time management-based corporate culture to a creativity-oriented corporate culture. Under the program, employees are empowered to flexibly manage their office hours as long as they work a total of eight hours each day. If this test proves successful, Samsung will expand the program to a company-wide level. * Work-Life Balance Because social norms have changed, an increasing number of female workers are participating in economic activities and retaining high potential employees has become the key to successful business operations. Happiness has become the overarching value of employees’ quality life, giving rise to greater social interest in balancing work and life. Therefore, Samsung Electronics also supports and encourages the employees to balance their work and life. In case anyone works overtime, their supervisor and the employee are notified to insure they comply with the legal overtime work requirements. For the creativity of the employees, Samsung Electronics also provides vacations for self-management and other vacation programs including family theme tour packages. * Welfare Programs Samsung Electronics shares and cares about its employees’ concerns over their health, children’s education and post-retirement life and helps them prepare for their future in order to enhance employee satisfaction and provide better working environments. In addition to the basic legal welfare programs such as premium subsidies for National Pension, Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance and Employment Insurance, they also provide medical subsidies, a corporate pension program, work-out facilities and condominium rental services. Samsung Electronics believe that a creative corporate culture grows out of the technological search for innovation and its application. , researchers inherently looked for â€Å"innovative† ideas and technologies. A number of failures and prejudices from the trials and errors of the development process were the largest obstacles in putting â€Å"innovative† ideas into practice. This barrier can be broken down to build stronger assurances through a number of verifications and databases. Nevertheless, these procedures can sometimes result in a waste of time. I think Samsung Electronics need to reduce the waste with more open-minded thoughts and perspectives. With an aim to realize a â€Å"Great Work Place (GWP),† Samsung Electronics has analyzed its corporate culture by utilizing the confidence index of âÅ'Å"The 100 Best Companies to Work For by Fortune Magazine since 1998. In 2007, Samsung concluded a global contract with the â€Å"Great Place To Work (GPTW)† of the U.S. for a confidence index survey of their domestic and overseas workforces, which contribute to building a corporate culture that fits their global stature. Based on the GWP analysis results, each division and department prepare and implement improvement plans to build a GWP by filling the gaps in the five survey categories which are of trust, respect, fairness, pride and solidarity. Also, 400 GWP officers supervise and implement corporate culture improvement activities at each workplace.

A Christmast Surprise for Gramma

A Christmas Surprise for Grandma by Gloria J. Shuttleworth Grandma lived on Sugar Creek Mountain all alone. It was a beautiful mountain, with tall cedar trees all over the mountain top. In the middle of the mountain was a crystal clear lake. The water in the lake was the prettiest blue you've ever seen. When the water was calm, you could see the fish swimming around in the lake. I loved sitting by the lake when I was a little girl. Grandma would pack us a lunch, and we would sit at the lake for hours on end. Hour after hour, grandma would tell me stories about her life on the mountain. I remember the day that grandpa drowned in the lake.My parents had tried to talk grandma into moving into town, but she wouldn't hear of it. My parents knew not to argue with her, because they knew that grandma was set in her ways. â€Å"I've been on this mountain for so long that I've forgotten which is the oldest, me or the mountain,† grandma had said, with a twinkle in her eyes. I knew my par ents worried about her being alone, because grandma was the only person who lived on Sugar Cliff Mountain. Today I was going to visit grandma, and the excitement grew inside me at the thought of spending time on the mountain once more. After all, it had been ten years since I had seen grandma.It's hard to believe that my career had kept me away for so long. As I approached the top of the mountain, I could see grandma staring out the window of her little log cabin home. Grandma greeted me at the door with a big hug. â€Å"I am so happy that you could come to visit with me,† said grandma. This Christmas is going to be so wonderful! I have a special surprise for you dear. Little did grandma know that I had a very special surprise for her as well. â€Å"Well, we can't stand around here all day,† said grandma. There's a lot of work to get done. I have invited the people from the village to come to my Christmas party on Saturday evening.After I had freshened up a bit, we spe nt the day baking all sorts of cookies and candies. Grandma had a story to tell as we baked the goodies for the party. She told me about how she used to bake apple pies for grandpa. â€Å"He loved apple pies,† said grandma. Those were his favorite. She said that after the pies would cool off, that grandpa would send her into the living room, under the pretense that he would clean up the kitchen. Grandma knew what he was really up to, but she never let on that she knew. Grandma would go into the living room and sit in her rocking chair. She would sing some of the songs that she knew grandpa loved.About an hour later, grandma would wander back into the kitchen. â€Å"Why Henry! † she said kitchen, grandma retired for the evening. I made myself a cup of tea and sat down in front of the fireplace. Sitting alone in the quiet house, I pondered my childhood memories of my grandparents. They had always been such a fun loving and happy couple. Shortly after they were married, g randpa built the log cabin home for his â€Å"Little ole Emmy†, as he called her. Just before Christmas, almost twelve years ago, grandpa was outside gathering firewood, when grandma heard a horrible scream and a terrible noise.She ran outside to find that an area of the ice on the lake had fallen through. She yelled for grandpa over and over but no reply ever came. They searched the lake for over a week, but no trace of grandpa could be found. Finally, they called off the search. One of the men who had helped in the search said they'd probably never find grandpa now. Just then, as my thoughts were still racing around in my head, my grandmother brought me back to reality. â€Å"We have to be up very early in the morning dear, so off to bed now,† she said. I slowly walked to my grandmother's room, and kissed her goodnight.Morning came early at grandma's house. As I entered the kitchen I could smell the homemade biscuits and gravy cooking on the stove. â€Å"What's on o ur list of things to do today? † I asked. â€Å"The men are coming from the village this morning to put the lights on the trees, and we have lots of presents to wrap for the children,† she said. Just then, there was a knock at the door. It was the men from the village ready to start putting up the lights. Grandma was so excited as she stepped back to watch them. â€Å"Let's wrap those presents now Laura,† said grandma.As I watched grandma wrap the presents and tie the ribbons, I knew that so much more was being placed around them. With each piece of wrapping paper grandma was also wrapping them with love. After the last present was wrapped, we realized that we'd been wrapping presents all day! It was now getting dark outside and grandma wanted to go outside to view the lights. As we stepped out onto the porch, we gasped. The sight that met our eyes was so beautiful to behold! The snow was glittering and the reflection of the lights on the snow was beyond words! I t was breathtaking! That night I went to bed with a heart full of love for my grandmother.I knew that someday I wanted to be just like her, full of love for others. Saturday evening the village people started arriving just after dark. Grandma always waited until evening to have her Christmas party, because she loved the lights. All the guests gathered around in the front yard and began to sing Christmas carols. Oh, how grandma loved that! Ole Ben was a jolly fellow who worked at the village store, and he was chosen to help Santa hand out the presents. The children shouted with glee, as they unwrapped their gifts. Grandma said, â€Å"Laura, come here dear, I have a surprise for you. As she handed me the present, I could see the love and pride in her eyes. â€Å"I love it grandma†, I said, as I bent down to kiss her cheek, â€Å"I will cherish it forever. † Grandma had made a quilt out of some of my dresses that I had worn as a little girl. â€Å"Grandma, if you could have just one special gift for Christmas, what would it be? † I asked her. Without even stopping to think, she replied, â€Å"I would like to see your grandfather just one more time, so I could feed him the apple pie that the horses quit snatching when he left us. † Just then grandma's face lit up like the lights on the Christmas tree!Everyone turned to see what grandma was looking at. Walking slowly toward her, with an apple pie in his hand, was grandpa! There was two slices missing from the pie that he was holding. The village people were speechless, as they thought they were seeing a ghost. Grandpa chuckled, as he yelled out, â€Å"Emmy, those darn horses snatched the pie and got away with two pieces. Difference to me, but slowly my memory started to return. I remember now going out to gather firewood. There was a nice piece of wood on the lake. I thought the lake was frozen over so I stepped out on the lake to get the piece of wood.I remember hearing the lake crack le and that's the last I remember about the accident. â€Å"Laura, how can I ever thank you for bringing grandpa home to me? † asked grandma. Laura replied, â€Å"Seeing the happiness and the love you have for each other is all the thanks I need. † As Laura retired to bed that night, she couldn't help but think about the surprise that she had given to grandma for Christmas. She knew in her heart that it was the best surprise present that grandma would ever get. What a warm and wonderful feeling came over Laura as she fell asleep, thinking of her grandparents.

Sports Injury Rehabilitation Programmes Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter will critically measure surveies done on attachment to athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme. Bury and Mead ( 1998 ) specify critical assessment as a systemic manner of sing the truthfulness of a piece of research, consequences, and how relevant and applicable they are. This non merely involves the appraisal of the quality of a piece of work but besides consideration of its utility for athleticss physical therapy pattern. The undermentioned comprehensive hunt schemes were used to happen the amateur rugger football participant ‘s experiences and perceptual experiences of adhering to a sport hurt rehabilitation plan. This was carried utilizing EBSCO Host to entree the undermentioned databases: National library of wellness ( NLH ) ( Healthcare database ) , Allied and Complimentary Medicine Database AMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL were searched to place all published scientific analytical surveies that included adhering to a sport hurt rehabilitation programme. Following hunt schemes were used for EBSCO host and adapted as appropriate for the other databases Attachment, Rehabilitation, Qualitative, Sports therapy, Physiotherapy, Measurement of attachment, Determinants of attachment, Psychology, Sports, Athletic hurt, Patients attachment Articles of involvement were discovered in mentions of the published work and retrieved by writer independently, utilizing the undermentioned choice standards for this survey:Choice standardsIncluded surveies to be published research. In English linguistic communication. The survey reported on the athleticss hurt rehabilitation attachment. Target population is grownups ‘ elite or recreational male or female jocks sustained a athleticss hurt and their rehabilitation lasted for period of three or more hebdomads. To review the surveies, the McMaster critical reappraisal signifier ( Law et al, 1998 ) for quantitative surveies was used. This model ( appendix ) is good structured and each of the countries identified in the model can be critically examined, and a series of inquiries have been asked to measure the worth of a peculiar research survey. The format used is designed to help in placing the strength and failings of the paper and by this, the research worker will be able to do sound judgements sing adequateness, rightness, and dependability of the decisions drawn and the pertinence of the recommendations made ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Current research carried out by Petridou et al. , ( 2003 ) suggested that in Europe states the figure of people who need medical attending after athleticss related hurt is more than 10 million. It has been suggested that more than 5 million Euros have been spent on amateur participants. Taylor & A ; Taylor ( 1997 ) stated that the impact of sing athleticss hurts could be significant and include irreversible for recreational participants, slow hurt rehabilitation, inability to work, tardily return to athleticss, and danger of womb-to-tomb disablement and later a low criterion of life. In athleticss medical specialty and rehabilitation scenes, the behaviors that set up conformity are surely different, and are chiefly reliant on the current medical status or type of athleticss hurt ( Kolt et al, 2007 ) . These behaviors constitute regularity in athleticss physical therapy assignments, making all the stretches and exercisings recommended actively, set abouting all place based exercisings and rehabilitation such as exercisings, ice or heat application, and avoiding all possible insecure activities. Conformity is invariably documented as an built-in portion of athleticss hurt rehabilitation. By and large, it has been presumed that, if the athleticss hurt rehabilitation programs are successful and working good, attachment to those hurt rehabilitation programs enhances result. This given, however, is non guaranteed all the clip. Research for the association between athleticss hurt direction consequence and attachment is conflicting. Sports specific hurt rehabilitation programs normally include mobilization, massage, and other manual techniques used in athleticss therapy clinic and a place exercisings and stretching programme. Sports physical therapist should be able to measure attachment to rehabilitation, both in the clinic and place environment. More often, attachment to athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan is evaluated in association to participants ‘ regularity in attending at athleticss therapy clinic. This methodological analysis, however, simply suggests that if the participant is on a regular basis coming to the athleticss hurt clinic for hurt rehabilitation Sessionss, this does non give any facts about the participant ‘s response, reaction, and attitude refering athleticss hurt rehabilitation public presentation during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss. If a athleticss physical therapist could judge the participant ‘s response, reaction, and attitude refering athleticss hurt rehabilitation public presentation, during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss, he/she could modify the hurt rehabilitation Sessionss accordingly. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) clearly stated the survey ‘s purpose to look into the subjective experience of anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) rehabilitation and place variables that influence attachment as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) have used qualitative research methods to look into the conceptual apprehension of participants ‘ conformity to athleticss physical therapy intervention. In footings of qualitative research, sample was an appropriate size. Eleven patients were selected and interviewed at an norm of 4 months. The writers ‘ failed to place the procedure of enrolling participants. Data aggregation was explained and involved qualitative in-depth interviews to research subjective experience of ACL rehabilitation and happen factors impacting conformity as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. To heighten cogency Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) supply interviewees with canned interviews to guarantee that the information has been acAÂ ­curately translated. The sample was diverse in relation to the participants ‘ engagement in athleticss. Six participants were take parting at competitory degree ; four participants were at recreational degree and one participant dropped out. Since, Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) used a diverse sample in relation to participants ‘ engagement in athleticss, it is excessively hard to explicate consequences from it. In order to compare between factors that influence rehabilitation in adAÂ ­herers and non adherers, a graded purposive sampling technique was used to understate the possible prejudice originating from convenience sampling and improves the opportunity of roll uping rich informations relevant to the behavior being studied when compared with random sampling. Because participants were judged by their healers to be adherent to physiotherapy, the sample was stratified based on attachment to home-exercise completion. Home adherAÂ ­ence rates were determined utilizing self-report journals over the first 12 hebdomads of rehabilitation. The survey identified restrictions and strengths. Research workers referred to how they ensured cogency. An independent research with qualitative survey experience reviewed the codifications and agreed that the emerging classs were consistent with the natural information. Triangulation enhanced the credibleness of the findings. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) adopted qualitative methodological analysis and suggested that the qualiAÂ ­tative attack allowed a greater find and analysis of variables than would be possible with a quantitative attack. Findingss of Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) were original, in-depth and enlightening and bespeaking that inductive analysis has shown three critical variables impacting athleticss hurt intervention conformity, including emotional, environmental, and physical issues. The writers concluded that different apprehension of fitness degree on return to rugby, self-inspiration, rehabilitation Sessionss issues or busy at work distinguish compliant and non-compliant behaviors in relation to a place exercising programme. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) examine the association between conformity to rehabilitation and result after rehabilitative surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . The rubric is concise and clearly indicates the content. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact and included three relevant key words that helped indexing and cross-referencing. Introduction is relevant and identified that rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction has changed from the traditional conservative attack with greater limitations on activity to a more accelerated attack advancing early mobilisation and return to activity. The debut referred to current research and cited 10 documents and they offered balanced findings. The survey ‘s purpose was clear to analyze the association between conformity to athleticss therapy intervention and result after ACL Reconstruction utilizing both correlativity and arrested development techniques. The writers clearly identified the hypo thesis. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) in this prospective cohort survey evaluated attachment to rehabilitation over the first 8 hebdomads after ACL-reconstructive surgery and correlated the findings with results at nine and twelve months. Three steps of attachment were correlated with nine dependent variables of result. Participants included in the survey were 68 patients ( 42 work forces, 26 adult females ) with a mean of 28.8 AÂ ± 8.3 old ages. Informed consent was sought. There is a failure to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of the participants was enforced. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1998 ) suggested that if there is to be any assurance in the credibleness of findings, research workers must guarantee the topics rights to confidentiality and namelessness. The writers should hold hence explicitly stated how participants ‘ information remained confidential and anon. . Three aspects of attachment were measured: attachment to assignments, attachment during assignments, and attachment to home-exercise prescription. The treating physical therapists, utilizing the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale ( SIRAS ) , rated participant ‘s attachment, during each assignment. The survey clearly stated the methodological analysis involved and defended the trial re-test dependability, interrater dependability, and concept cogency of SIRAS. Attachment to home-based exercising was assessed utilizing a self-report ( diary ) method. Self-reported attachment is besides capable to bias in a socially desirable way. The usage of self-report journals by Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) to supervise home-exercise attachment is besides an of import restriction of this survey. Mullins ( 1996 ) maintained the usage of journals, as a mechanism for measuring attachment to place plan is weak in footings of cogency and dependability. This in reflected by the fact that the remarks made by the patients in their journals did non ever fit their questionnaire responses. There is besides a likeliness of a hapless callback. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) used three outcome steps. The International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) Clinical Examination Form was used to measure articulatio genus result in footings of damage. To analyze the consequences of ACL-reconstructive surgery, research workers used three questionnaires. The 6m timed hop trial was used to analyze functional result. The writers clearly stated the dependability and cogency of the 6-m timed hop trial but did non province the dependability and cogency of The International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) Clinical Examination Form and questionnaires. Consequences indicated that there was a important relationship between home-exercise attachment and many results for participants less than 30 old ages of age. For participants aged 30 and over there was a negative relationship between home-exercise attachment and result. There were no important relationships between attachment to and during physical therapy assignments and result after ACL-reconstructive surgery. One of the of import restrictions of Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) survey was the method of informations geographic expedition. In order to place confusing variables, unstructured seeking through the information was considered as a hapless analysis technique. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) concluded that participants under 30 old ages of age who adhered to their home-exercise regimen had better functional result, whereas disciple participants aged 30 and over experient worse result with better place based exercising conformity. Urdy ( 1997 ) examined copying and societal support with amongst 20 five injured jocks between the age of 16 and 40 old ages, during their rehabilitation from anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Participants completed a scope of appraisals, included Coping with Health and Injury Scale to mensurate get bying schemes, profile of Mood State to measure temper perturbation, Social Support Inventory to mensurate societal support, figure of visits to rehabilitation Sessionss to mensurate attachment. Participants completed theses ratings one time pre-surgery and so at 3, 6, 9 and 12 hebdomads station surgery. Results pointed out that during the whole survey period, instrumental get bying scheme was the most used header scheme by the participants. Urdy ( 1997 ) found that during the three hebdomads clip period different type of get bying schemes have been used by the participants. As the emphasis decreased, get bying schemes besides decreased. Urdy ( 1997 ) found that instrumental header was significantly related to conformity to athleticss hurt rehabilitation at nine hebdomads post surgery. Furthermore, alleviative header, varied the most throughout three months of survey continuance even though, it was the least used scheme in general. In Urdy ‘s ( 1997 ) analyze little sample size decreased the assurance with which the findings could be generalized to other samples. Small sample size restricts the reading of consequences, which resulted in a decrease of statistical power. Urdy ( 1997 ) used attending as a exclusive index to adherence. These attending indices provided no information that relate to athlete ‘s behavior during rehabilitation session. Niven ( 2007 ) in his current survey, investigated the athleticss physical therapists ‘ perceptual experiences of rehabilitation attachment and concluded that jocks at highest degree are extremely consistent in their rehabilitation programmes. The chief purpose of Niven ‘s ( 2007 ) survey was, on the footing of athletics physical therapists ‘ expert cognition to increase apprehension of attachment issues in pattern and place factors that influence attachment and schemes that can be used to heighten attachment. Niven ( 2007 ) interviewed six adult females and three work forces with a average age of 35.1 over the period of 12 months. Niven ‘s ( 2007 ) consequences advocated that participants at the highest degree of the game, who are professional, are normally more bucked up to return to their highest degree of lucifer fittingness. Niven ( 2007 ) reported participants ‘ pessimistic features such as unequal ego belief, dejecting mental reaction to athleticss hurt, low assurance, deficiency of aid and aid from community, to be the of import facets of incompatibility and non conformity. Some practicians believed that non-compliance or over attachment are of import concerns to cover with in pattern. The conformity was considered as a important factor for successful rehabilitation from hurt. Niven ( 2007 ) identified several single properties such as motive, assurance, and ability to get by with hurting that facilitated conformity. Consequences indicated that negative emotions experienced by jocks resulted in hapless conformity. Environmental factors such as good support from squad couples, household and friends and athleticss healer were deemed to better conformity. In contrast, being busy at work and place and hapless entree to athleticss therapy resulted in hapless conformity. Niven ( 2007 ) pointed out that the degree of trust in athleticss physical therapist and recommended rehabilitation plan was found to be an of import factor on conformity. Based on findings, Niven ( 2007 ) besides identified figure of schemes to better conformity in pattern. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) examined the relationship between the three aspects of subjective meaning-personal inducements, sense of ego, and perceived behavioural options-and attachment behaviours in the athletic hurt rehabilitation puting. The rubric is short, crisp, and clearly implies a relationship between variables ( Cormack, 1996 ) . It is enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engage people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Dua et Al ( 1989 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . The intent of survey was stated briefly in the abstract and in more item in the debut. The subject is of import and relevant to athleticss physiotherapy clinical pattern. It is non clear whether Joan L. Duda, Alison E. Smart, and Marlene K. Tappe are athleticss physical therapists or non. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) give detailed background about the psychological factors associating to athletic Iinjury, psychological and situational forecasters of athletic hurt rehabilitation attachment or conformity. The writers summarized the old dependability surveies more specific to the attachment in the rehabilitation of athletic hurt. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency issues. The writers reported the sum-ups of the chief findings from the literature on forecasters of attachment to athletic hurt rehabilitation and found consequences varied. The writers argued that there was no extended research on this subject and due to limited work on athletic hurt rehabilitation, It was questionable, nevertheless, to generalise the major findings from surveies on exercising attachment and medical intervention conformity to the athletic hurt rehabilitation scene. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) has written an up-to-date literature reappraisal. The writers reported balanced rating of the surveies in the past both back uping and disputing the forecasters of attachment to athletic hurt rehabilitation. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) evaluated the consequences of the old surveies and by designation of defects, highlighted spreads, and built a instance for farther research. The survey purpose was clear to place the societal psychological variables that best predict attachment behaviours in hurt rehabilitation among intercollegiate jocks. The participants in Dua et Al ( 1989 ) survey were varied well in footings of their hurt features. This could assist to guarantee a representative sample of the injured athletic population. The writers select homogeneous samples in survey, which is the strength of the survey. Forty male and female intercollegiate jocks were recruited via an introductory missive sent to athletic preparation staff members at six major universities. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) indicated that intercollegiate jocks participated in a assortment of athleticss but all had sustained a athletics related hurt ( strain or sprain ) of at least second-degree badness. At the really least it would hold strengthened the surveies if the writers stated that they had used random purposive sampling. Robson ( 2000 ) stated that the principal of choice of topics in purposive sampling is the research worker ‘s opinion as to typicality or involvement. Robson ( 2000 ) further stated that research workers in purposive sampling choose samples which satisfy their specific demands in a undertaking. Domholdt ( 2000 ) believes that purposive sampling is used when research workers have a specific ground for choosing peculiar topics for survey. Subjects can merely be involved in a research undertaking if they have given their consent. Assurance that they can retreat from research at any clip must be provided ( Drummond, 1996 ) . All these demands were addressed within survey and this is the strength. The participants were given an overview of the purposes and intent of the research and all topics signed a consent signifier. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) did non give any information about ethical blessing, and the topographic points from where they recruited the topics to vouch the confidentionali ty and namelessness of the topics. Since, Dua et Al ( 1989 ) have included jocks with a broad scope of musculoskeletal conditions ; hence a homogeneous sample will heighten internal cogency. The writers in the process, spelled out each stage of the research in concrete, operational footings, place every measure in informations aggregation and gave adequate information for another research worker to retroflex the survey. Attachment, measured by attending at rehabilitation Sessionss, completion of prescribed exercising, and exercising strength as perceived by the oversing athletic trainer, was significantly related to strong societal support, high degrees of self-motivation, and a belief in the effectivity of intervention. Consideration was given to confidentiality, the right statistical trials were used, and assurance interval was calculated. In consequences statistical techniques used to analyze informations were clearly identified. The consequences are presented in narrative signifier, clear and concise tabular arraies to ease readability and apprehension. There is a sufficient item for the reader to look into the treatment is coincident with the consequences. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) found that among all the three constituents, personal athletics inducements were less of import forecasters of attachment behaviours than the sense-of-self and perceived options variables. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) besides found that jocks who focused on undertaking command were more adherent to intervention, while jocks who tended to be more ego-involved in their athletics were less adherent to their plans. Phillips ( 1986 ) defines the decision as the statement that indicates the research worker ‘s concluding place in relation to the concluding inquiry posed. In survey decisions is stated clearly, compactly, and substantiated by the groundss presented ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Dua et Al ( 1989 ) concluded that over all conformity was well related to athletic perceptual experience sing the efficaciousness of rehabilitation and support from household and friends for hurt rehabilitation. The writers farther pointed out those participants who placed less emphasis on undertaking inducements were less expected to compliant to their hurt rehabilitation. Examination to menaces to internal cogency reveals no indicant of trouble associated with history or ripening with these topics over a brief clip span. In survey non chance purposive sample was recruited. An inclusion and exclusion standard was non mentioned. The writers did non advert the participants ‘ age. In survey usage of non chance purposive trying limits its generalisation to the sample itself and necessitates caution in generalising beyond the sample. Trainers who conducted rehabilitation Sessionss were required to rate each topic ‘s strength on a five-point graduated table. The writers did non describe any dependability or cogency findings for either of these attachment steps. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) examined the relationship between four physiological factors including self-motivation, societal support, athletic individuality, and temper perturbation, and intervention conformity as a map of age. The rubric is concise, enlightening and clearly indicates the content. The subject is of import and relevant to physiotherapy clinical pattern. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate. The debut was relevant placing many personal and situational factors, which linked to the attachment to rehabilitation. The debut referred to the currents research and cited five documents. The writers clearly stated the survey purpose to research whether possible nexus among psychological factors and intervention conformity differ as a map of age. A literature reappraisal pointed to a clear spread with in bing research and helped to compose a outline of statement to back up the principle for the survey. The research attack was documented consisting of a questionnaire fcompleted by participants about 10 yearss before anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) surgery. Besides after ACL surgery at each assignment participants documented their conformity to a place exercising programme, and the healer recorded the attending of participants and completed the SIRAS. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) clearly stated the methodological analysis, combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency of the questionnaires used such as Self-Motivation Inventory, Social Support Inventory, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale. The survey contained some of the information sing the features of the sample but at that place did non look to be indicant of the sampling scheme. At the really least it would hold strengthened the surveies if the writers stated that they had used random purposive sampling. Sixty-one participants were recruited including 21 females and 40 male. The research workers indicated that 57 % of the participants were competitory jocks and 41 % were recreational jocks. This survey has included a cross-section of the participants ( male and female ) with subgroups incorporating jocks of changing degree of athletic engagement. Although curtailing the sample of participants to persons undergoing rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction provided a more controlled geographic expedition of the moderating effects of age by cut downing cross-participant variableness in hurt badness and the demands of the rehabilitation regimen, such homogeneousness decreased the generalisability of the consequences. Subjects can merely be involved in a research undertaking if they have given their consent and topics were required to subscribe a consent signifier. The research workers did non advert that confidence was given that they could retreat from the research at any clip. The institutional reappraisal board approved the Study. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) failed to advert that how the confidentiality and namelessness of the participants was enforced. In the consequences subdivision statistical techniques used to analyze informations were clearly identified. The consequences are presented in narrative signifier, clear and concise tabular arraies shown to ease readability and apprehension. Although age did non function as a moderator in relationship between the four psychological factors and attachment to clinic-based rehabilitation, it did function as a moderator in the relationship between the three of the four psychological factors assessed and place based rehabilitation attachment. Self-motivation and societal support were positively associated with attachment to place based exercisings in the older participants, but non in the younger 1s. Athletic individuality was positively associated with attachment to the place exercising protocol in the younger participants, but non in older participants. Although, the prospective longitudinal research design in which psychological factors and attachment was measured, used in this probe was found to be appropriate but Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) suggested that causal relationships between psychological factors and rehabilitation attachment can non be inferred. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) acknowledged the self-report method used to measure attachment to place rehabilitation activities, as a restriction and suggested that more nonsubjective steps of place rehabilitation attachment is needed to confirm this survey findings. Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) explored the personal and situational factors related to athleticss hurt rehabilitation among 41 college jocks, including 21 male and 20 female. Participants had been injured in athleticss and had begun a athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme for at least six hebdomads. Title is clear, enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engages people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . The subject is of import and relevant to athleticss therapy clinical pattern. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact. Introduction was relevant placing the factors which affected conformity to the rehabilitation plan. The survey clearly stated the methodological analysis involved but the research workers did non supply any information sing the features of the sample and trying scheme. There were serious defects within the methodological analysis of this survey that question the dependability and cogency of the findings. Fisher et Al. ( 1988 ) provided no information sing participants ‘ informed consent and ethical blessing. In add-on, there is failure to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of participants ‘ information was enforced. The sample appears to be equal although absence of power computation, which determines how big the sample needs to be, has been noted. Each jock was classified as compliant or non-compliant by the healer, based on his or her attending at rehabilitation Sessionss, and a comparing made between expected and existent advancement. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) developed a more extended questionnaire that has been used in a figure of surveies to enable self-assessment of attachment during the rehabilitation period. The Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) consists of 40 inquiries refering to six spheres expected to act upon attachment. Each inquiry requires the participant to circle a response on a four-point graduated table. The rubric of the Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) questionnaire, the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) , might be misdirecting with respect to the information sought. It appeared that, instead than mensurating the rate of attachment to rehabilitation, the questionnaire really requires a self-assessment of factors that might act upon their rehabilitation attachment. This was demonstrated by the illustration inquiry for the hurting sphere ; while a patient may strongly hold that their rehabilitation programme was physically painful, their perceptual experience of the hurting they experienced was non a step of their attachment degree during rehabilitation. The right statistical trials were used, and assurance intervals were calculated. Findingss were clearly presented. There were sufficient inside informations for the readers to look into that the treatment is coincident with the consequences. Multivariate Analysis of discrepancy ( MANOVA ) revealed that the consistent and compliant jocks had high degrees of hurting tolerance, energetic, vivacious and lively and received communal support, as compared to inconsistent and no-compliant. Furthermore, disciple jocks ascertained themselves to exert more during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss and concern less about a program of intervention Sessionss and environmental fortunes. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) pointed out that the questionnaire satisfied the demands for face cogency as the points were derived from analysis of the content of attachment literature. However, Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) acknowledged that the RAQ had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing. Furthermore, a low magnitude of correlativity was observed between the RAQ and three alternate steps of attachment ( attending, the healer completed tonss on the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale, and patient self-reporting of place rehabilitation attachment ) . Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) did non advert any restriction, strengths, and deductions of this survey. The research workers besides did non mention to how they ensured cogency in this survey. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) evaluated personality properties of non-compliant jocks after the rehabilitation programme had begun. This might bring forth confusing consequences as many variables may be influenced by the rehabilitation procedure. In the research worker ‘s, position, if personal and situational factors could hold been measured prior to the athleticss hurt intervention, and studied in relation to conformity during rehabilitation, it would be more appropriate. Research workers used a homogeneous sample including male, female jocks with shoulder, articulatio genus and mortise joint hurts, which adds strength of this survey. As Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) acknowledged that the RAQ had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing, in order to diminish measurement mistake, research workers should hold established the dependability and cogency of the questionnaire before or used antecedently documented psychometrically dependable and valid questionnaire. Two consecutive surveies carried out by Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) used the Rehabilitation attachment questionnaire and tried to retroflex the research work of Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) . In surveies Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) ( A ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) ( B ) the rubrics clearly imply a relationship between variables ( Cormack, 1996 ) . They are enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engage people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Age, sex, socioeconomic position, rational and educational degree, medical cognition, credence or denial of unwellness, clip from oncoming of unwellness, memory of patients, self motive and exercising end puting have been reported to ease attachment. The rubrics are enlightening. The articles include an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact. The intent of Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) ( A ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) ( B ) surveies was stated briefly in the abstract and in more item in the debut. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) gave detailed background about the rehabilitation issues after athleticss hurt and Field et Al ( 1995 ) combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency of the steps to measure attachment to rehabilitation. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) evaluated the consequences of the old surveies and by designation of defects, highlighted spreads, and built a instance for farther research on the subject of variables impacting the conformity in athleticss hurt rehabilitation. Byerl et Al ‘s ( 1994 ) survey purpose was to find the relationship between the rehabilitation attachment of jocks and their self-reported appraisal of six variables that might act upon rehabilitation attachment: hurting, support from others, effort, programming, motive, and environment. Field et al ( 1995 ) survey purpose was to place factors that contribute to adherent or non-adherent behavior during athleticss hur t rehabilitation plans. The survey contained really small information sing the features of the sample but at that place did non look to be indicant of the sampling scheme. In survey A and B the size of the sample appears to be equal although absence of power computation, which determines how big the sample demand to be, has been noted. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) provided no information sing participants ‘ informed consent and ethical blessing. Field et al ( 1995 ) pointed out that all participants filled up informed consent signifiers but did non advert about ethical blessing. In add-on, both Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) failed to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of participants ‘ information was enforced. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) used right statistical trial and assurance intervals were calculated. Research workers performed independent t trial and chance degree was set at.05 for each trial. Findingss were clearly presented in tabular arraies. Wood and Haber ( 2001 ) stated that relational design examines and quantifies the strengths of the co-relationship between the two or more variables. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) used co- relational design. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) did non pull strings any variables so there are no dependent and independent variables ( Hicks, 2004 ) . Hicks ( 2004 ) argued that in co relational design we can non place which variables are cause and which consequence. Therefore, many research workers prefer the certainty of experimental design, but the experimenter could non pull strings any variables, so co relational design is more acceptable ethically. Both, Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) used the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) , which was developed by Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) . Field et al ( 1995 ) besides used a new instrument, the Athletic Trainer ‘s Perception of Athlete ‘s attempt graduated table ( ATPAES ) for athletic trainers ‘ to sort the injured jock as a compliant and non-compliant. Field et al ( 1995 ) argued that the ATPAES system fulfilled the standard for logical cogency, as the ATPAES system had been favorably assessed by the athleticss healer. No mention was made to more extended cogency rating ( such as comparing ATPAES tonss with other attachment steps ) or test-retest dependability appraisal of the questionnaire. Attendance was besides evaluated in the survey by Fields et Al. ( 1995 ) and participants were believed to hold been compliant into their intervention if they attended at least 75 % of intervention Sessionss and scored 12 or greater on the ATPAES questionnaire. However, this emerged to be a random cut-off for separating compliant from non-compliant jocks, with no justification of how it was obtained. The deficiency of strict dependability and cogency testing of the ATPAES questionnaire in the Field et al ( 1995 ) survey, limits its value as an attachment step for experimental surveies. Since, It has been mentioned antecedently that the RAQ in Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) surveies and ATPAES in Field et al ( 1995 ) survey had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing, hence in order to diminish measurement mistake, research workers should hold used antecedently documented psychometrically dependable and valid questionnaire. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) developed a brief step of conformity based on attending and engagement. This mark was used to measure conformity of 40 four jocks who had suffered athleticss hurts and were taking portion in a athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan. The compendious nature of this mark seems to do it allow for assessors who have restricted clip to give to measuring attachment. Patients were assessed on a two-point marking system by the athleticss healer who observed their athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme. One point was allocated for go toing the rehabilitation session. Zero point was awarded for non-compliance. A 2nd point was awarded for finishing 100 % of the prescribed exercisings. If a patient failed to finish all exercisings, three quarters of a point ( 0.75 ) was awarded for finishing 75 % of the exercisings, 0.5 for finishing 50 % of the prescribed exercises, or 0.25 for finishing 25 % of the exercisings. The writers made no mention to reliability proving or proof of t heir questionnaire. Furthermore, the writers recommended that patients who scored between 1.75 and 2.0 were adherent, while those who scored less than 1.75 were non-adherent. These standards appeared to be randomly assigned, with no account or justification of how they were chosen. In Field et al ( 1995 ) survey consequences of the t trial indicated that important differences were seen for self-motivation, scheduling concerns, and hurting tolerance. The discriminant map analysis ( DFA ) pointed out that scheduling concerns contributed most to the overall group differences. Findingss are clearly presented in tabular arraies. Although, Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) both have used varied participants in footings of their athletic environment and hurt features, due to little size sample cautiousness must be taken in generalizing these consequences to other populations. Field et al ( 1995 ) in his survey indicated that this survey is merely for one specific environment hence attention should be taken to generalize these findings to other environments.RationaleThe research worker has chosen rugger participants as participants because rugger is a contact athletics. The doctrine of rugger dictates that the game is physical in nature, which means that th e hazard of hurt during lucifers is high ( Brook et al, 2005 ) . The bulk of hurts of rugby consequence from contact stages of drama ( Best, McIntosh, and Savage, 2005 ) . The literature in the field of athleticss therapy and rehabilitation does non sufficiently address amateur rugger football participants ‘ experiences and perceptual experiences of conformity to a athleticss therapy intervention program. Therefore, one can merely theorize the significance and impact of conformity to the athletics hurt rehabilitation among recreational rugger football participant. Since we know small about what is meaningful to thes participants, a rich description from recreational participants, who have had an of import hurt helped to explicate the relevant facets of their experience. The consequences from the present survey would supply cognition that add to the literature by make fulling a spread that exist on a peculiar population, recreational rugger football participants, that has non been represented in the athleticss hurt research to day of the month. Additionally, cognition and information from the present survey should break informed athleticss healer, physical therapists, managers and important others around participants, that may be involved in conformity to athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan so that amateur rugby football participants receive the best of attention. In add-on since the chief purpose of this research addresses the barriers to athleticss hurt rehabilitation, the consequences will be of peculiar involvement to athleticss healers, athleticss physical therapists, who work with recreational rugger participants.

Do some background research into the UK poplulation. E.g. size, social Essay

Do some background research into the UK poplulation. E.g. size, social and ethnic background - Essay Example Figure 2 shows the 2011 census ethnic group breakdown in the UK. White (87.2%) is the major ethnic group, followed by Asian/Asian British (6.9%), black / African / Caribbean / Black British (3.0%), Mixed/multiple ethnic groups (2.0%) and other ethnic group (0.9%) (Office for National Statistics, 2013 A). According to the 2011 census, all usual residents aged 16 to 74 in employment the week before the census was about 29.84 millions (Office for National Statistics, 2013 B). Figure 3 shows the 2011 census occupation and local authorities breakdown in the UK. About 17.3% of the people were in professional occupations, followed by Associate professional and technical occupations (12.6%), Skilled trades occupations (11.6%), Administrative and secretarial occupations (11.5%), Elementary occupations (11.2%), Managers, directors and senior officials (10.5%), Caring, leisure and other service occupations (9.42%), Sales and customer service occupations (8.56%), and Process, plant and machine operatives (7.3%). The GDP per capita is about $37,300. The median age of the UK residents is 40.3 years. The male residents’ median age is 39.1 years and the female residents’ age is 40.3 years. The male to female sex ratio is about 0.99. The population growth rate is about 0.55%. The birth rate is 12.26 births per thousands and death rate is 9.33 deaths per thousands. The mother-maternal mortality rate is 12 deaths per 100 thousand live births. The infant mortality rate is 4.5 deaths per thousand live births. The life expectancy at birth is 80.29 years with male life expectancy at birth being 78.16 years and female life expectancy at birth being 82.54 years. The literacy rate is about 99% (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). According to BBC News (2014), the unemployment rate stands at 7.2% at the

Finding a scripture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Finding a scripture - Assignment Example etect bad and good characters and automatically understand which principles they have (either good or bad) and which values they defend throughout the movie. But anyway it is logical that we couldn’t understand any good or bad worldview without seeing its opposition. That’s why in ‘The Book of Eli’ we can understand that Eli’s worldview is Christian and he is a good man, because we see the contrast worldview of the rest of the people. The director of the movie made everything to play for this very important message he wanted to reveal: he showed the most terrible sins people could ever make. When I was watching the movie the first thing that came into my mind was that probably its creators were trying to say that God hasn’t forgotten people, because the story of Eli in fact is a story about let’s say modern prophet. God used to send such people for them to help mankind to come back to His path or to make some important mission for this God’s purpose. And as far as God likes putting prophets in some strange and complicated circumstances the Story of Eli couldn’t couldnt be easier. First of all, good people always face some extremely hard circumstances like post-apocalyptic world or total moral chaos like Eli was lucky to find himself in. Also moral heroes always meet some really bad guys to become extremely good in comparison to them and to be examined for their loyalty to the moral principles and values. So Eli met Carnegie and his gang on his way to West. Actually it would be too bounded to say that these circumstances were the ones that examined Eli for his morality and faith, because in such a world he lived in the environment itself was a very hard circumstance. Considering the Christianity of Eli’s worldview it is very important to notice that the fact that at the end of the movie it turned out that he has been blind throughout the entire story. Of course the director’s trick was really unexpected, but it was too symbolic and the message

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marketing - Assignment Example To achieve the consistent theme the magazine uses pictures and names of different products that are on offer. In addition, the magazine highlights the location of different properties, customer service that are offered and the working hours of the company. The consistent features of the magazine are elements that are intended to give more information to the customers about the quality of the products and their benefits to the customers. This includes pictures of the actual item, fine details about the products such as type, model, and performance. Other consistent features of the magazine include terms of sale such as prices of different products, buying procedures and after sales service. The leading title of the article has a direct relationship with the ad. â€Å"Automobile Magazine launches new Ipad application† (Diehlman web). This title is directly related to the advertisements of the magazine. The magazine displays a wide range of exclusive products for its customers to choose. The title of the article is intended at capturing the interest of customers who are willing to either own motor vehicles or upgrade their current cars with the classy products offered by Suzuki. The competitive environment of the magazine is its unique display of different classy motor vehicles. In collaboration with the Apple Company, the magazine has launched an Ipad application for its customers. The ad is intended for first time car owners particularly those who are looking for classy and sophisticated models of automobiles. The ad also targets people who are conscious of technology. With the abilities of modern devices such as Ipads and Ipad, car owners can have different abi lities on their cars. The ad is also targeting those who are willing to upgrade their current automobiles for the available classy cars that are on display. Finally, the ad is targeting people who like been

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Organization of nazarene - Essay Example nternational headquarters was in Kansas City, Missouri, since 2008 the location of Global Ministry Center is Prairie Star Parkway, Lenexa, Kansas (Ingersol 65). The Church puts together congregational and Episcopal policies to come up with the ‘representative’ government. The feature that is silent in this structure is the power that is shared between the clergy and the people as well as between the denomination and the local church. The Assembly acts as the supreme doctrine creating, lawmaking, and one with the elective authority according to the constitution of the church (Ingersol 87). It is made up with representatives from denomination’s district worldwide. General Superintendent is the highest elected office. The local church is the basic unit of organization and it can either be church type mission or an organized church. Local congregations are divided administratively into geographical districts. The Church is usually associated with higher education; it provides college/university (students), faculty leadership, administrative, and spiritual and financial support. The church college/university is an important part of the church and a fraction of every local church’s and district budget is put towards Nazarene higher

Iran's Foreign Policy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Iran's Foreign Policy - Research Proposal Example The election of President George Bush in 2000 dampened these hopes as he left moderate Iranians puzzled by his demonizing of Iran and the inclusion of the country in the 'axis of evil' along with North Korea (Katz, 2005, p.59). This set the stage for the election of the conservative Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, an Islamic nationalist that is suspicious of the US and capitalist countries, and has increased the tensions between the countries and elevated the risk of direct confrontation (Pirouz & Reed, 2005). The possibility that Iran may have a nuclear weapons program has made them a threat to the national security of the US. Iran poses a significant threat to the US national security from Islamic extremists that have considerable influence on the Iranian government. This has placed the advocates of a 'Holy War' against the United States in a position to disrupt trade or Iran's vital supply of petroleum. Regional disputes could spill over into Iran and involve a nation that may have nuclear capability. The current administration has professed the belief that Iran is going to get a nuclear weapon or the necessary resources to build one sometime in the near future (Sagan, 2006). If the US administration believes that Iran poses a significant economic or military threat there is a risk of the US taking preemptive action to prevent Iran from destabilizing the region or the world economy. The last 60 years have seen considerable swings in our relations with Iran. In 1951 Iranian Premier Ali Razmara, who was open to trade and favorable relations with the West, was assassinated and replaced by Mohammad Mossadeq. Mossadeq was a hardliner that planned to nationalize the country's oil reserves and limit the power of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a pro-western Shah (Chronology US-Iran relations, 2005). In 1953 a joint operation between the CIA and British intelligence overthrew the Mossadeq regime in a military coup that put the Shah into power (Chronology US-Iran relations, 2005). This began a period of favorable relations with Iran that lasted until the Shah's removal in the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The Iranian Revolution was accompanied by the taking of the American embassy and the kidnapping of its occupants in Tehran. This resulted in the Carter administration implementing sanctions against Iran and an embargo on Iranian oil. In 1995, Clinton banned all trade with Iran. These tough sanctions were temporarily eased as companies were allowed to sell food and medical supplies in 1999 (Chronology US-Iran relations, 2005). The current US policy has labeled Iran a terrorist nation and in 2002 Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld stated that Iran was responsible for, " inspiring and financing a culture of political murder and suicide bombing" (as cited in Chronology US-Iran relations, 2005). This policy has continued with tougher sanctions and a policy of non-negotiations. The Bush administration has continued to escalate the rhetoric against Iran and Iran has responded by taking provocative military actions against the US and British interests in the region. This has led to the curren t policy of economically and politically isolating Iran in an effort to get them to curb their nuclear ambitions (Katzman, 2007, p.2). Faced with a hostile nation that may possess a nuclear weapon in the near future highlights the importance of having an effective policy in regards to

A REVIEW OF PIECE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH EXAMINING CHANGES IN MONEY Essay

A REVIEW OF PIECE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH EXAMINING CHANGES IN MONEY MANAGMENT - Essay Example e their finances, in particular the way the expenses for children and child care are paid, and who is most responsible for those expenses, can still be a route to inequality. The paper leads the reader to understand that the individualization of finances, though leading to a real sense of autonomy, could still leave women with the belief that they are still the primary care givers of society. In â€Å"Research Methods in Politics† it says, â€Å"The ability to research, and therefore provide evidence to corroborate a particular view of the world, is clearly vital to the discipline of political science.† (Brunham, 2004: 1) Keeping the above thought in mind, we must understand what Pahl was intending by making such a statement. The paper did not put forth any particular reason(s) or solution to the inequality problem as presented, it only stated that there could be an unexpected end result. The methodology used for the paper was fairly extensive, citing both the author’s own research and a number of different studies, interviews, books and research papers that substantiated the author’s premise. The paper incorporated a lengthy reference list, with over thirty references to research directly related to the article. There was a lot of material crammed into such a short article, so much so, that it may have been too overbearing. â€Å"Presenting the findings of a survey can be quite complicated, and it is easy to lose the reader in a mass of detail† (Punch, 2003: 72). Learning how to present, and maybe even more importantly, how not to present information, was something that this author could have done a little better. Even though the writer is faced with more options when presenting the findings, and has a little more leeway in presenting those findings, if the information contained in the rest of the article has already overwhelmed the reader, then the findings may not make as much sense as desired. The structure of the paper was fairly straight

Essay Example for Free

Essay The song â€Å"Imagine† was written by John Lennon in 1971. John Lennon was a former guitarist in the legendary band, The Beatles. He then came out with his own song that soon became one of the most famous tunes in all of history. The song was written to give the world a more hopeful perspective during a troublesome time instigating a revolution of anti-war movements. The song â€Å"Imagine† was written by John Lennon in 1971 to persuade the audience to imagine a world of peace during a time when the world was filled with war. During the year of 1971, the world was dealing with a great deal of war and violence. This was the time of the Vietnam War, the Cold War between the United States and the USSR, the Ind-Pakistani War creating a dark time in Pakistan during 1971, as well as a war ending in South Asia followed by the establishment of the Sovereign Nations in Bangladesh. During all of these troubles, the world was also filled with a great deal of racial discrimination. Although most of the world was involved in wars and strife, John Lennon decides to write an uplifting song that creates a setting without the struggles of man that lead to violence and giving a whole new perspective to the people that needed it. The song â€Å"Imagine† asks the listener to imagine a world of peace. The main argument this song represents is that if we can picture a world without any reason for violence then maybe we can begin achieve it. John Lennon implies protest with his song by asking the listener to picture a world without religion, possessions, countries, or any other reason for violence. â€Å"Imagine theres no countries, it isnt hard to do. Nothing to kill or die for and no religion, too. Imagine all the people living life in peace.† This part of the song implies protest by asking the audience to imagine a world living as one, without countries or religion to cause any racial discrimination. A slow rhythm made by a piano introduces the song with a soothing tone. The lyrics ask you to imagine a world with no heaven or hell and then to imagine all the people living for today. The music transitions to a more upbeat  tone by introducing drums after this verse in the song. There is also a repetition with the piano beats and the lyrics. When the lyrics asks the audience to imagine something, the piano beat repeats to the slow, soft tempo that was in the beginning. The music and the lyrics work together to create an optimistic yet soft, soothing tone.

Spirituality And Mental Illness Psychology Essay

Spirituality And Mental Illness Psychology Essay Spirituality is a part of human experience. It often stands as one integral aspect of ones cultural or religious orientation. Likewise, spirituality may also represent ones individual choice, belief, and behavior. Both in terms of traditional and conventional healthcare, there are three aspects of human well-being that should be taken care of: physical, mental, and spiritual health. Physical is for the body, mental is for the mind, and psychic health is for the spirit (Jeitschko et al., 2005). However, in the present idea of healthcare, the thrust of healthcare efforts is given to physical health. However, the other two components also play integral roles in the achievement of humans overall (external and internal) well-being. Oftentimes, these two are overlooked. Although courses of religion and spirituality are common in most medical schools and pastoral care is provided in some hospitals, health policies and insurance in mental healthcare is severely restricted in ways that physical healthcare is not and moreover, to emphasize, very little healthcare is provided for the spiritual healthcare (Jeitschko et al., 2005). Yet, Jeitschko et al (2005) claimed that spiritual claim has repeatedly observed to be an important factor and correlated for the health of both body and minds health. In this paper, we look into the importance of spiritual health as a prerequisite towards mental health improvement and maintenance- to prevent and to treat mental illnesses. First, we describe a brief overview of the situation concerning mental disorders and illnesses as a global phenomenon. Third, we define and contextualize spirituality as a prerequisite to overall spiritual health. Lastly, we discuss how spirituality has been used to 1) prevent a vast array of mental illnesses and 2) treat various cases of mental disability and other psychiatric ability. Mental Illness: A Situation Overview While each is a separate aspect, spirituality and mental well-being are viewed as closely-related, if not dependent to each other. This may be because both are internal mechanisms that may not be measured by medical apparatuses, may not diagnosed via single medical procedure, and cannot be treated by measurable doses of medicine. Rather, these are brought about by internal mechanisms that exist along a continuum of attitudes and behavior. Mental health and mental illness exist along a continuum of attitude and behavior. This covers a wide array of mental diagnostic categories, from mild conditions like depression to more serious cases such as schizophrenic disorders (OBrien, 2003). The main components of looking into mental disorder are: internal psychological dysfunctions, unexpected response to a social phenomenon, and differentiation from deviant behavior. Nonetheless, the universal component of mental illness is the dysfunction of some internal psychological mechanism. Examples of these dysfunctions occur in systems of cognition, thinking, perception, motivation, emotion, language, and memory (Horwitz, 2002). Millions of people all over the world suffer from mental illnesses and adverse mental health. As of 2002, 154 million suffer from depression, 50 million from epilepsy, 25 million from schizophrenia, and 24 million people suffer from Alzheimer and other dementias. It was also observed that 25% visiting healthcare services suffer from mental, neurological and behavioral disorders but most of these cases are not diagnosed and treated. Moreover, people with these disorders are oftentimes subjected to social isolation, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality (WHO, 2010). Barriers of effective mental treatment can be traced into two factors: 1) lack of recognition of the seriousness of mental illnesses among patients, and 2) lack of understanding about the benefits of having cost-effective mental illness treatment. This alleviated by the fact that in most middle and low income countries devote less than 1% of their budget to mental health (WHO, 2010). Defining Spirituality Before going farther in this paper, it is necessary to first define spirituality and to bring forth its importance. Spirituality is defined first by differentiating the concept with that of religion. Religion is strictly linked to formal religious institutions. On the other hand, spirituality does not depend on formal institutions but comes from initiatives of an individual. The similarities of spirituality and religion both focus on belief, sacred, divine entities, and the resulting behaviors and practices and spiritual consciousness. However, this arbitrary definition does not provide comprehensive delineation of the two concepts (George, 2000). National Institute of Healthcare Research (NIHR) defined spirituality as the feelings, thoughts, experiences, and behaviors that arise from search for the sacred. In this definition, search encompasses identifying, transforming, and maintaining. Terms such as knowing, understanding, and embodying can be used as synonyms to search based on this context. Sacred refers to divine being, higher power, and ultimate truth as perceived by the individual collective reinforcement and identity. Hence, from this definition of spirituality, the distinctive characteristic of religion is collective reinforcement and identity (George, 2010). Another comprehensive definition of spirituality came from Murray and Zenter (1989): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦spirituality dimension, a quality that goes beyond religious affiliation that strives for inspiration, reverence, awe, meaning and purpose, even in those who do not believe in God comes essentially into focus in times of emotional stress, physical and mental illness, loss, bereavement and death. From these definitions, spirituality can be summarized in three elements: comes from within an individual and not collective affiliations; goal-oriented: search, inspiration, well-being, and embodiment of belief; come in times of emotional stress and mental distress. Spiritual Healthcare The idea that spirituality is an initiative of an individual comes with the expectation that there is a wide array of spiritual healthcare procedures depending on how individuals perceive its importance and the procedures encompassing it. Hence, to take care of spiritual health, the individual should be able to have the following skills: being able to create peaceful state of mind, ability to stay alert, attentive, and mentally focused in present circumstances, develop above average empathy and to grieve appropriately and then let go afterwards. Moreover, spiritual values include kindness, compassion, generosity, tolerance, creativity, wisdom, honesty, humility, and patience (Culliford, 2002). Some of the elements of spiritual care include: environment of purposeful activity; feelings of safety and security, dignity, belonging and acceptance; having opportunities and encouragement to express feelings and thoughts; and to receive permission, encouragement to develop relationship with God or Absolute and to receive place and privacy for prayers worship, and spiritual education; and to derive meaning from illness experiences (Culliford, 2006). Spirituality for Prevention and Cure of Mental Illness Throughout history, mental illness was closely related to religious faith, demonic possessions and magical enchantments. In a very long time in history, mental illness was misunderstood and misinterpreted and people suspected to have mental disorders were subjected to cruel procedures. In prehistory mental illness perceived to come from supernatural and magical spirits that disrupt minds. Shamans tried to cure mental illness through performing rituals, casting spells, and using mind-altering drugs. Trepanning, or drilling a hole on patients skull to release or exorcise bad spirits. However, fossils show that new bones grew to cover the holes and high survival rates were observed (Thomson, 2007). Ancient Egyptians were the first to implement a form of mental healthcare and the first to cure a patient identified to have mental illness. Temples and temple complexes served as mental hospitals. Mental treatment procedures include: psychiatric texts, rites, rituals and prayers. Egyptians were also able to decipher that mental illness that time was caused by loss of money and status; hence, they suggested that talk therapy will be an effective treatment procedure (Thomson, 2007). However, due to advances in technology, rapid evolution of the society and paradigm shifts in terms of mental illnesses, spirituality becomes a forgotten dimension of mental healthcare (Culliford, 2002). Spirituality, as prevention and treatment for mental illness, was included in the identified misunderstanding of ancient people towards mental disorders. Spirituality was forgotten as an important tool for physical and mental health and spiritual health was also overlooked as a part of overall human well-being. This neglect is attributed to secularization and science-based discipline of psychiatry (Culliford, 2007). Now, importance of spirituality is gradually being rediscovered because of two reasons. First, mental illness patients report spirituality; spiritual beliefs and practices are their major sources of personal strength. Second, there is increased attention in academic and scientific research and psychiatric treatment and practices (George, 2000). In the field of psychiatry, a trending practice is to achieve first, spiritual history of the patients before addressing their mental needs. Spiritual history includes details of the patients religious antecedents, practices, beliefs or the lack or absence of these. Reasons for taking spiritual history include (Culiford, 2007): The field recognizes that nature of spirituality as a source of validity, motivation, and sense of belonging and acceptance which are beneficial for the patients. There is a also a long historical relationship between spiritual healthcare and medicine. Spirituality is oftentimes part of patients needs and wishes. The influence of spirituality and religion to the attitudes and decisions of the staff. Moreover, spirituality is now recognized as an integrating force for various dimensions of human life including physical, biological, psychological, and psychosocial. Although it is acknowledged that spirituality may also have negative effects on mental well-being, there is a growing confidence for mental, and even physical health of spiritual belief and practices. In a wide review of researches on spirituality and mental health, 20% showed negative effects while 80% observed positive results (Culliford, 2007). Some of the negative accounts on spirituality as a beneficial tool for curing mental illness include the studies cited by Fallot (2003). In terms of diagnosis and psychiatric rehabilitation programs, DSM-IV diagnosis involves assessment of spiritual experiences. In a symptom-oriented nosological system, the focus is directed to spiritual or religious behavior of the patient. In DSM-IV, two scenarios may occur: First, spiritual concerns may be problematic and may also be attributable to the actual mental disorder. In cases of severe mental disorder, psychiatric disorder is considered primary while spiritual expression is secondary. There are cases when spiritual experiences disappear, the primary or psychiatric disorder is treated adequately. Second, spiritual issue is problematic but may not be attributed to the mental disease. Patients with severe mental illness are still capable of spiritual activities such as struggles for searching meaning in life, conflicting and confusing relationships with the sacred, and challenges to long-hel beliefs. These further leads to prolonged psychiatric difficulties, problems in understanding religious experiences, loss of hope and demoralization However, Fallot (2003) argued that there is positive spiritual coping that will be beneficial for mental illness patients. Still on a lager scale, patients tend to turn unto religion not just as a significant resource but also as a coping mechanism that is helpful. Spirituality and religion can serve as possible mechanisms with positive impacts of mental health and rarely are the cases in which both pose negative impacts on mental health (Fallot, 2003). Specifically, spiritual well-being is associated to reduce likelihood of anxiety disorders, depression, and substance abuse that lead to addiction and other mental disorders. Likewise, there is also positive association between spirituality undertaking and recovery from mental disorders such as depression and substance abuse (George, 2002). Mental Healthcare Practices Involving Spirituality This section discusses some mental healthcare treatment practices that are used to emphasize the role of spirituality to mental health (Fallot, 2003). Spiritual Assessment. This refers to understanding of content and the functions of a patients spiritual beliefs and practice. This approach is useful on a diverse religious experiences and cultures. The definition of spirituality can both be broad and inclusive. This approach goes beyond symptom-oriented orientation but rather explore potential significance of spirituality to the patient and his recovery. Spiritually informed groups. The group provides therapeutic context of examination of consumers religious beliefs and traditions. The role of this group is to provide a positive connection between spirituality and the present conditions of the patients. In spite of religious diversity, patients may find it helpful to share and listen to others search for meaning and purpose of life. It will not exacerbate symptoms of mental health but will rather support and clarify ones purpose in life which shall give sense of worth, value, and trust to themselves. Individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapeutic approaches coming from a wide variety of religious beliefs such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam and others attuned the present approaches for individual psychotherapy. Aside from overview of religious interventions, this approach can also be used to specify roles of meditation and mindfulness, prayer, and other spiritually and cognitive-behavioral techniques. This approach is also integrated in counseling relationship. Relationships with faith communities. One important factor for treating mental illness is to restore social supports and relationships. Religious or faith communities can offer empowerment, sense of acceptance and belonging to the patients. However, it should be taken into consideration that the patient shall not feel any sense of rejection from the community. How Does Spirituality Prevent and Treat Mental Illness Empirical analysis regarding the effects spirituality to mental health is continuously studied. Researchers and mental health practitioners continue to seek means by which spirituality will prevent and facilitate treatment, if not completely treat mental illnesses. Nonetheless, for the present studies, the following two mechanisms were attributed as the factors by which spirituality is helpful to mental health: First is the ability to establish social support. Spiritual participation may be one major avenue for developing social bonds and other social support. People with high religious participation have larger social networks, higher interaction with social network, receive more assistance from others, and have higher levels of satisfaction of the social support they receive. This is important as rejection is one of the major causes of disturbed mental health and acceptance is one of the best recovery apparatus. Second is the coherence spirituality offers. Through coherence within the group, patients tend to understand their role in life, their purpose, and to develop courage to face sufferings. Moreover, coherence with others is also an effective buffer to stress on mental health. As a conclusion, it can be acknowledged that in spite of the gaps between the benefits of spirituality and mental health, it can still be safely implemented as a tool to prevent and facilitate cure of mental illnesses through the approaches and because of the mechanisms mentioned in the later part of the paper.

Computer Ethics: Different Types Of Censorship

Computer Ethics: Different Types Of Censorship A Censor is A person authorized to examine books, films, or other material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. There are three different types of censorship; 1. Moral Censorship 2.Military Censorship or Political Censorship 3.Corporate Censorship Moral Censorship The most commonly known type of Censorship, is Moral Censorship. Moral Censorship is used in Four different ways; to omit Sexual explicitly, Violence, Racial Comments, and Curse Words. It is mainly used in Music, Movies, Books, at School, and on TV. Ratings are used to determine what is appropriate for their audience. For example, Movies can be rated G, PG, PG-13, R, or X-17. They are used to deem who would be interested in watching the film, or who shouldnt be watching it. In a G rated movie you can trust that there will not be any nudity, curse words or extreme violence. In Music cuss words are bleeped out or removed all together on kid CDs or on some radio stations. Certain things are censored so the public can enjoy them. In School books some things are politely evaded or vague, such as the topic of sex. Though in biology they leave nothing for the imagination. It just goes to show that how much censorship is used, depends on the audience. Military Censorship and Political Censorship Military and Political censorship both deal with deleting information, trying to control large groups of people, and uses of propaganda. In countries where censorship were used, deleting and changing information was their bread and butter. Such as in the Soviet Union, under Stalins rule when photos, history, and even the weather was changed in a way to control the people. The Internet Police in China totalling more than 30,000 members, are constantly changing search engines such as Yahoo, and Google. In Cuba the internet is even illegal! In wartimes censorship is taken to the extreme and propaganda can be seen everywhere. Emails from the war home, online diaries, or blogs have to be searched and things erased from their writings. Sometimes only a few words can be read, usually just an I Love You, is all that will get by these vast searches. In the U.S. they scan the emails of suspected terrorists for information leading towards an attack. In a way these types of censorship can be both good and bad for people. You can relax that you are behind walls, but are you safe from those within? Corporate Censorship The business today of hiding stars, incorrect commercials, and deciding just what is acceptable on the internet is still a big topic today. Such as the T.V. debate between Johnson and Salant. Though you may not think it deals with Censorship on the internet, in a way it does. Johnsons side was this Many broadcasters are fighting, not for free speech, but for profitable speech. Salant on the other hand said the commercials were not wrong and Johnson was 100% wrong instead. Since many commercials and advertisements are seen on the internet Johnsons and Salants debate comes up often. Sometimes thought, people just cant censor what happens on live broadcasts, but punish them instead. Like at Sports games where the fans, players, and coaches might start a fight and they have to call security or pull out a yellow or red flag. In the arts suggestive elements are removed or condemned from being seen on some Websites. Images blocked with black strips or pixilated views help keep identity and images unseen from public view. Corporate Censorship is a way to show things to the public, but also keep things away at the same time. Public Filtering In Religion, it is common knowledge that the Bible was changed through out bidding at the of Nobles, and Kings. It was a way for them to control the people through a different route than just laws and punishments. Today, public filtering can be seen in libraries, schools, some work offices, and internet cafes. 21 states have laws to filter the web in public places. The Federal Childrenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) provides for three different types of funding: 1) aid to elementary and secondary schools; 2) Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) grants to states for support of public libraries; 3) the E-rate program that provides technology discounts to schools and public libraries. The libraries and public places that are a part of the E-rate, and LSTA must filter out obscenity and things which are harmful to minors. Usually in order to view things that are not permitted to minors you have to put in a password in order to view the internet. Admins and ModeratorsIn the world of fast communication and millions online, it is hard to keep it in check on the internet. Because people can copy paste, post derogatory images, curse on child protected sites, trolls etc. Admins and Moderators are put to use. There have been many complaints about the copy paste issue. So sites have installed systems that make it impossible to copy paste from their site or print. But there are still loop holes in the system, you can take pictures of the screen, do it at certain time, or even hack in to the network to steal images. But most people see it as harmless so not too many laws are against it. Admins are always careful to list where the images come from and site who spoke what, on a different page, or at the bottom of the page it is cited on. People who post nudity or provocative pictures are usually unallowed to come back on the site and their images are deleted as well as their Username and Passcode. Swearing is the same way, you receive a warning, or if there are enough offenses you are removed from commenting ever again. Trolls and Spammers are different, they are usually anonymous and repeat the same thing over and over again or try to sell something or say really mean things about a user or sometimes a person people dont even know. Flame Wars are on the otherhand, between two or more people in a heated argument and when hurtful things are said to one another. The Moderater usually comes in at this point gives a warning to the two for all to see and then deletes the whole war, they can also do it in private and just delete them if they are unwilling to discontinue the war. Admins and Moderators are also in charge of the safety and privacy of the users on their site. At Home Filtering at home is usually done by parental controls on the computer, and does not allow people to visit certain sites or do certain things. It also puts a time limit for individuals on the web. There is also something like a Modem Officer. If it sees that you are accessing sites that are illegal or you are a sex offender and talking to others with not so innocent conversations, they alert the authorities about your actions. Privacy In Computer Ethics, Privacy plays a big part in keeping the peace between people. In todays world people share many of their thoughts, but they also like to keep some things a secret. And it is the duty of those on the internet to respect that choice. People worry about; *Internet Anonymity *Hackers *Ways to keep their privacy *Websites that may jeopardize their privacy *And what the Government does to keep their privacy Either way, people care about what others see. So they build ways to keep themselves safe by building walls on the internet and on their computers. Internet Anonymity To go by a false name or simply leave the name blank or Anonymous is one of the easiest ways for people to not find out who you are. If a website asks for a picture when you leave a comment, you can leave it blank and go by a name known to be used by anonymous users like Jane Smith. By keeping your identity a secret people can not know who you are. Though sometimes the IP address can be seen, which is basically a computer number that you are using, most people will have not clue who you are. Thats why most scammers try to be anonymous. But it also risks that people will not be able to trust you. Like on Ebay, if you have too much anonymity on yourself or products people may not buy your wares because they fear you are fake. Either way Internet Anonymity if meant for peoples identity to be a secret. Hackers People who try to find out your name, phone number, address, IP address, and other information that you have not given out with your permission, and then use it for their own, or their companys gain. These people usually break through your security codes by their mean of software, and learn about you to blackmail, harm you physically, steal your money, or stalk. People who are hackers generally keep to themselves, unless they are trying to get information from someone. The underground market of hacking to businesses so people can learn about their customers or victims is a dangerous tool worldwide. Hackers are paid to either be a part of the law or against it. Those with the law, hack someone system, usually a criminals, to find out what they have done in the past or what they are planning to do in the future to protect people. Those who hack for wrong, are hacking for their own benefit or their companies and seek victims rather than criminals. Hackers can be just about anyone, without you knowing, and fool you into thinking they are somone else. People who try to message you on the internet using your friends name so they can steal all your money from the bank, is just an example of what they can do. Hackers are dangerous and helpful, depending on what side of the law they are on. Websites that Post Personal Data Sometimes the information we give to others that should remain private, we give out ourselves. Most of the time without us even knowing it. Twitter, Facebook, Myspace, and the new scare Spokeo.com are just a few of the places people can find information about you. The new british Web Wise is also a new thing developed by their government to track your interests for companies. It can be scary how much information about you alone is out there. Thats why, you should rely on Computer Ethics to post what should be given, and what should not. Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, and many more are examples of todays social Websites on the internet today. They do not have too many rules of who joins and they reveal a lot about your personal identity. On Facebook, they ask for your real name and information about you. They are updating their privacy system so that not as many people will be able to find things about you which are private. On Twitter your every thought or action is posted on the internet for all to see. Its a big step from the Pony Express over a hundred years ago. A big concern today is about a Website called Spokeo.com and others like it. They find out all the information they can about you on the internet and then post it all on one site for the World to see. Your Name, Phone Number, Address, Interests, Hobbies, School, Work and much much more. Many people have eliminated their profiles on these websites. But many do not even know they exist. People can find out whatever they want about you from these Websites, and you would not even know they knew. To some its the sheer lack of security that scares them. Others just dont care. Either way the people have a choice if they want their information on there or not, or if they want the Website to be discontinued permanently. Ways to Keep your Privacy In order to keep yourself safe on the internet, there are some things you need to do. *Keep your Internet Viewing safe *Keep your Computer safe *Keep your Personal Information safe When people go on the internet, they are shot into a pool of millions of people of all walks of life. In order to keep the sharks from attacking you, there are some things you should do to keep your Web time safe. The first thing you might want to do is type your name into a search engine, you might be surprised what pops up! Another thing you should consider is surfing with a Proxy. It keeps your identity a secret and its hard for people to find anything out about you. Also, avoid registrations that ask you for your Social Security Number, your Credit Card Number, your Phone Number, Address, or any information you wouldnt give to a stranger. Dont let strangers use your network, put your router in the middle of your house and away from windows so they wont be able to connect. Avoid Flame wars some people hold grudges. Even if your joking, remember they cant see your face or hear your voice so they wont be able to tell. Keep in mind when you are surfing the web if you wouldnt want your family to see what you are looking at. That is a good sign of bad Websites. If children want to search the internet first put on a trusted parental controls device. To keep your computer safe remember these things. Be careful of what you download, Some programs include adware that will report your surfing habits back to a third-party company that will then use that information to send you ads (spam). Downloads can also be a way for people to hack into your system. Keep all software current (including your Web browser) with automatic updates. Use firewall, antivirus, antispam, and antispyware software from a source that you trust and watch out for fake alerts for security software. When you have friends or family over, make sure folders and things that have personal information are hidden from view. Especially if there are people you dont know, at your house. Be aware of Phising Scams, these are criminals who ask for sensitive information like your password, bank account number, or anything that you wouldnt tell a stranger. These people will sound friendly and usually ask through email or instant messaging. Also make sure children know what not to tell someone they dont know. Never let children talk to strangers online, and if you feel someone is asking you too many personal questions report them to the admin of the site, or if someone tells you they are coming to visit you and you dont know them, call the police. To keep yourself safe, you must always be aware that people on the internet are not always kind and may have secret motives. It is the same as telling a child Dont talk to strangers, even if they say they know me. With your bank account or other information. Copyright When a person has done something that requires a fee or special permission, they usually issue a copy right. Intellectual Property, Copyright Laws, and Plagarism will be discussed in this section. Intellectual Property The people responsible for Intellectual Property is WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) the Convention Establishing the WIPO relates that rights belong to; 1. literary, artistic, and scientific works 2. performances of performing artists, phonograms, and broadcasts 3. inventions in all fields of human endeavor 4. scientific discoveries. Intellectual Property are the creations of human thought, and intellect. They are usually protected by a Copyright, in which WIPO is internationally responsible for. Copyright Laws The laws of Copyright state that only the owner of Intellectual Property may do the following with the work: 1. reproduce it 2. prepare derivative works based upon it 3. distribute copies of it to the public 4. perform the work publicly (if applicable) 5. display the work publicly. The WIPO Copyright Treaty states that these rights belong exclusively to the owners of the Intellectual Property. The ideas for things are not protected by copyrights, but only the completed product. As such people who Beat Others to the Punch will mor likely succeed than those whos idea it was in the first place. The Copyright Law, does not protect ideas, procedures, systems, or methods of operation. For information over a Communication Network (like the Internet), Copyrights protect all the dealings. But only to those who want a Copyright. Some instances with Copyright are hard to know which is right and wrong. With Caching and Audio Players that can download songs from the Internet, the laws have to be changed periodically. Caching is Copying and Storing of Webpages. It can be done on your browser, with frequently visited websites, or on google. It becomes a problem when it stops others from reading new and improved parts of the website. The major problem though with copyright lately is the MP3 player, and Ipod battle. Where people can download music online for free, which is not legal. WIPO states that home use of copying the music is legal but selling pirated copies is a crime. It also says this about Copyright Ownership which oftens comes up in these debates. 1. Who is the natural author? Who produced the work? 2. Is the creation a work for his/her employee? 3. Is the creation a work for him/her as a specially commissioned work? 4. Is the person a joint author of the work? 5. Has the person obtained a valid license to use the copyrighted work? 6. Are the rights that the person has obtained recognizable and enforceable under the current law? PlagarismAnother Copyright issue that keeps coming up is the Crime of Plagarism. Plagarism is when someone steals another persons intellectual property and claims it as their own. Plagarism is a major offense in school, as well as the Work Force. Thats why bibliographys and quoting where you got the information from is so important. It can stop you from getting a bad grade or even worse, getting sued and losing all of your money. Plagarism is a very serious crime in the entertainment industry. In the movie Singing in the Rain a woman Lipsynchs to another woman singing behind the curtain. After it is found out, the woman lipsynching loses all of her credibility and fame. As such Plagarism plays a vital role in todays Entertainment Industry for the fans to know that whoever is singing, acting, playing, dancing, etc. is who they think it is, and its something that they did not steal from someone else. Though in some instances Plagarism takes on the form of Fandom. Such as a band called the Roaches copying the world wide phenomenom the Beatles. It is not considered Plagarism if someone gives their permission, and they remember to tell where their Intellectual Property came from. Copyright plays a vital role in Computer Ethics today, and makes it a priority for everyone to know where their Intellectual Property is coming from. With the world being connected by computers it is obvious that we need rules to live by. By having laws about Censorship, Privacy, and Copyright, we can assure our lives our safer by our nation following these laws.