The Advantage of Marginal Analysis for Decision Making

From an economists perspective, making choices involves making decisions at the margin -- that is, making decisions based on small changes in resources: How should I spend the next hour?How should I spend the next dollar? In fact, economist Greg Mankiw lists under the 10 principles of economics in his popular economics textbook the notion that rational people think at the margin.  On the surface, this seems like a strange way of considering the choices made by people and firms. It is rare that someone would consciously ask themselves -- How will I spend dollar number 24,387? or How will I spend dollar number 24,388? The idea of marginal analysis doesnt require that people explicitly think in this way, just that their actions are consistent with what they would do if they did think in this way.    Approaching decision making from a marginal analysis perspective does have some distinct advantages: Doing so leads to the optimal decisions being made, subject to preferences, resources and informational constraints.It makes the problem less messy from an analytic point of view, as we are not trying to analyze a million decisions at once.While this does not exactly mimic conscious decision-making processes, it does provide results similar to the decisions people actually make. That is, people may not think using this method, but the decisions they make are as if they do. Marginal analysis can be applied to both individual and firm decision making. For firms, profit maximization is achieved by weighing marginal revenue versus marginal cost. For individuals, utility maximization is achieved by weighing the  marginal benefit versus marginal cost. Note, however, that in both contexts the decision maker is performing an incremental form of cost-benefit analysis. Marginal Analysis: An Example To gain some more insight, consider the decision regarding how many hours to work, where the benefits and costs of working are designated by the following chart:Hour - Hourly Wage - Value of TimeHour 1: $10 - $2Hour 2: $10 - $2Hour 3: $10 - $3Hour 4: $10 - $3Hour 5: $10 - $4Hour 6: $10 - $5Hour 7: $10 - $6Hour 8: $10 - $8Hour 9: $15 - $9Hour 10: $15 - $12Hour 11: $15 - $18Hour 12: $15 - $20The hourly wage represents what one earns for working an extra hour - it is the marginal gain or the marginal benefit.The value of time is essentially an opportunity cost  -- it is how much one values having that hour off. In this example, it represents a marginal cost -- what it costs an individual to work an additional hour. The increase in marginal costs is a common phenomenon; one usually doesnt mind working a few hours since there are 24 hours in a day. She still has plenty of time to do other things. However, as an individual starts to work more hours, it reduces the number of hours she has for other activities. She has to start giving up more and more valuable opportunities to work those extra hours.It is clear that she should work the first hour, as she gains $10 in marginal benefits and loses only $2 in marginal costs, for a net gain of $8.By the same logic, she should work the second and third hours as well. She will want to work until the time at which the marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit. She will also want to work the 10th hour as she receives a net benefit of #3 (marginal benefit of $15, marginal cost of $12). However, she will not want to work the 11th hour, as the marginal cost ($18) exceeds the marginal benefit ($15) by three dollars.Thus marginal analysis suggests that rational maximizing behavior is to work for 10 hours. More generally, optimal outcomes are achieved by examining marginal benefit and marginal cost for each incremental action and performing all of the actions where marginal benefit exceeds the  marginal cost and none of the acti ons where marginal cost exceeds the  marginal benefit. Because marginal benefits tend to decrease as one does more of an activity but marginal costs tend to increase, the  marginal analysis will usually define a unique optimal level of activity.

Frederick Douglass A Old Man At The Age Of 20 - 1654 Words

Frederick Douglass, The History Frederick Douglass was one of the staples in African American history and was a well-educated anti-slavery activist that was passionate in African American’s freedom. At a young age, Douglass was thrust into the world of slavery but, nevertheless, was able to escape enslavement and become a powerful, anti-slavery and civil rights activist. Born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, the abolitionist who was able to finally become a free man at the age of 20, was a prominent figure in African American history. After escaping to freedom, Frederick Bailey changed his name to what became the revered, intelligent lecturer and public speaker, Frederick Douglass. He composed several literary works, including A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and The Heroic Slave. He also delivered an address called, â€Å"What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?† in Rochester, New York on July 5th, 1852. Aiding former President Abraham Lincoln after the Emancipati on Proclamation, he also helped to recruit Black troops into the Union Army (â€Å"Notable Visitors: Frederick Douglass,† 2002-2015). He married Anna Murray in 1838 after they gained freedom, thus going on to have five children together (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2015). They remained married until her death in 1882 (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2015). Though there were many occurrences where Douglass could have given up on the wants for freedom, he never completely lost hope, norShow MoreRelatedHello World Essay505 Words   |  3 PagesFrederick Douglass was born in Talbot County, Maryland. The date of his birth is estimated to be around the year 1818. His mother was a slave named Harriet Bailey. His father was generally acknowledged to be a white man, quite possibly his master, Captain Anthony. As a young boy, Douglass lived the typical life of a slave on a Southern plantation. He suffered through constant hunger and cold. He was also exposed to the extreme barbarity of slavery. In 1826, at the age of seven or eight, DouglassRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Prominent African American Social Reformer1127 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Douglass was a prominent African American social reformer in the 1800’s. Frederick Douglass’s work includes 1,000 of speeches and autobiographies throughout his quest for reform. Douglass escaped slavery at the young age of 20 years old. He went on to spread his voice on social justice through a long profound, powerful, and influential career. Frederick Douglass’s famous Fourth of July speech has caused much criticism over the years. Douglass believed that on a day when white AmericansRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass926 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Life of Frederick Douglass Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, written by himself, was published in 1845. Frederick Douglass is one of the most celebrated writers in the African American literary history, and his first autobiography is one of the most widely read slave narratives. Douglass tells his life from young to old and what he endured growing up. He shares major events that happened that involved history. It took many hardships for Douglass to become as successfulRead MoreFrederick Douglass And His Life1494 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass believed that all people were born equal, but he also believed that humans were not just automatically born free. He deduced that man has the innate instinctive ability to mold themselves into whoever they wanted to become. So, naturally self-improvement and education were two crucial aspects of Frederick’s life. To Douglass the most horrific thing about slavery was the fact that slaves were totally and completely precluded from and form of education, which prevented them fromRead MoreFrederick Douglass, An African American Reformer, Abolitionist, And Writer1062 Words   |  5 Pages Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was an African American social reformer, abolitionist, and writer. Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery in Talbot County, Maryland on February1818 and he died on February 20, 1895. And was named by his mother, Harriet Bailey. But the exact date of Douglass birth is unknown. After escaping from slavery, he becomes a leader of the abolitionist movement. He know that as a living counterRead MoreSlavery within the Eyes of Frederick Douglass Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would it be like if we were a part of the slave years? To get an inside look of slavery we look through the eyes of a former slave Frederick Douglass. Through his experience of being grown into slavery in the south made him re-evaluate his life knowing he was worth more than being treated as someone else’s property. Not only was Douglass a part of the plantation system, city life, and brutal whipping but he was put into history as a great role model defining the true meaning of life. All peopleRead MoreLife Of Frederick Douglas And Benito Cerano Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages emancipation will be a proclamation but not a fact† (Lyndon B. Johnson). Frederick Douglas and Herman Melville lived in the same time for almost the same length of time. Herman Melville lived from August, 1819 – September 28, 1891, while Frederick Douglass lived from February, 1818 – February 20, 1895. Yet these two narratives couldn’t have been more different. While taking a look at the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas and Benito Cerano we can see these two insights of their world. IRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Yolanda Moreno Hist 1301 TR 9-10:20 November 10, 2016 This essay would be about the institution of slavery. Based on Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass to see how Frederick Douglass went through during the 1800s. How it affected his life and the people in it. Discussing more detailed on the effects of slavery on children and/or families, the type of education, the religion, and the violence that Frederick Douglass went through and talkedRead MoreI Learned The Harshness Of What Many Underwent1226 Words   |  5 PagesThese people, different ages, strengths, mental capacity, did not know of anything else, but this way of life. Some have only heard of what being free meant, and there was some who tried getting free, some succeeded and some unfortunately did not. Slavery not only impacted the ones undergoing this servitude by lowering their sense of identity, but also heavily impacted the abolitionists, because it could put them in grave danger. In this book, I found it interesting how Douglass started off saying â€Å"IRead MoreFrederick Douglass Motif of Animals1045 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 2011 Douglass: Motif of Animals In today’s society, almost all people are seen the same way, people have faults about them and have different traits, but all are considered human, men and woman are able to hold the same positions and jobs, and people of all races are able to live together in society. Frederick Douglass was born, and raised, a slave in the 1800s; life was very different, African Americans and white Americans were not seen as equals. As a young boy, Douglass was sent to

The Codes Of Ethics For Christian And Secular Counselling

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES IN THE CODES OF ETHICS FOR CHRISTIAN AND SECULAR COUNSELLING? COURSE: BSc Hons In Counselling Studies YEAR OF SUBMISSION: 2015 BY: Xyvah M. Okoye WORD COUNT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My dissertation journey has been a long and eventful one, full of medical, emotional and financial hurdles and setbacks which made me begin to believe that I would never make it to the end. These knocked me completely off my feet at a crucial point in my journey, and having to fight through so many issues; I almost gave up and considered dropping out of University so many times. With the help of my academic staff team, my church and my family, putting me in contact with the relevant parties and helping me with planning and executing practical means of overcoming and enduring to the end, I was able to make it through. This process taught me more than anything that the necessary help is always available to those who are willing to utilise it. My outlook on life and its challenges has become more optimistic and my endurance has been strengthened as my experience made me realise that no matter how tough or how bad things get, it’s not over until it’s over. I would like to thank my supervisor, Heather Dale, for all her hard work and patience with me, for her genuine care for my wellbeing and for bending over backwards to help and support me. Many thanks to my tutor, Vicki Smith, who has been with me since my first year, and has encouraged me along my academic journey, to CaroleShow MoreRelatedIntegration of Narrative Therapy Hristian Counselling3207 Words   |  13 Pagesuse of integration within Counselling. Much has been said about the integration of therapies and Christian values. The practice of secular psychotherapies has brought much conflict; many Christian counsellors have taken a different stance regarding the integration of psychology and religion. Some have embraced integration wholeheartedly whilst others reject it just as vigorously and many others fall somewhere between the cracks (Johnson Jones, 2000, p. 9). Christian psychologists have variedRead MoreEssay on Working Manual for Counselors and Pastors1965 Words   |  8 PagesPREFACE The Code of Ethics is envisioned to edify the body of Christ and is intended to be a living Pastoral tool that helps shape our character as we confer with help-seekers in their life destiny with Christ Jesus-the living Head of the Church. This book is for professional people helpers like Counselors, Guidance counselors, Christian School psychologists, Pastoral Counselors, Pastoral care givers, NursesPastors, youth pastors, Deacons, Elders- and other professionals who interact/ interveneRead MoreBiblical and Secular Models of Counseling1841 Words   |  8 PagesBiblical and Secular Models of Counseling Sara Hall Liberty University Biblical and Secular Models of Counseling Deciding how to model your counseling practice is one of the fundamental issues needing to be addressed when a counselor is choosing to begin a successful career as a licensed counselor. There are many different theories, strategies and methods to choose from when developing the foundation of your models, but all must adhere to the ethical standard of behavior set forth by theRead MoreEthical Issues in Counselling4637 Words   |  19 Pagesprofessional satisfactions. Ethics are more than codes and taboos. While counsellors should protect themselves from unnecessary lawsuits, we should also find resolutions for our constant struggles towards the best service to clients, in light of the various moral and ethical principles, and the context in which we work, to promote, other than to protect client benefits. As a voluntary, amateur counsellor, serving in a church community, characterized by its closeness to a Christian Secondary School andRead MoreEthical Issues in Counselling4624 Words   |  19 Pagesprofessional satisfactions. Ethics are more than codes and taboos. While counsellors should protect themselves from unnecessary lawsuits, we should also find resolutions for our constant struggles towards the best service to clients, in light of the various moral and ethical principles, and the context in which we work, to promote, other than to protect client benefits. As a voluntary, amateur counsellor, serving in a church community, characterized by its closeness to a Christian Secondary School andRead MoreBiblical Counseling Essay1806 Words   |  8 PagesBiblical Counseling vs. Secular Counseling CCOU 201-D11 LOU: Introduction to Christian Counseling Xxxxx X. XXXXXXX L33333333 Liberty University 24 April 2013 There is a need for effective biblical counseling now more than ever. As the world progresses to the stages prophesized anarchy God’s people as well as lost souls need the appropriate direction in life. Crabb clearly states in his introduction that the purpose his book, Effective Biblical Counseling, is to incorporate the principlesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages1961 film Judgment at Nuremburg. A recent book that, in a compelling manner, puts forward a vigorous defence of bureaucracy as highly relevant to today’s organizations is by Paul du Gay (2000) titled In Praise of Bureaucracy: Weber, Organization, Ethics. Discussion questions 1. Choose three examples of modernism in the arts and design and discuss them from aesthetic and practical perspectives. To what extent do the general ideas about modernism appeal to you in the twenty-first century? From

Essay on Intrinsic motivation - 2302 Words

Intrinsic motivation Young children are compelled to learn because of their natural curiosity in life. Older children seem to need a push in the direction to learn. This describes the two types of motivation. Intrinsic motivation describes the young child. It is motivation from within and the desire someone feels to complete a task, including natural curiosity. Intrinsic motivation is anything we do to motivate ourselves without rewards from an outside source. â€Å"In relation to learning, one is compelled to learn by a motive to understand, originating from their own curiosity† (Rehmke-Ribary, 2003 p.intrinsic). There are different things a teacher can do to trigger this type of motivation in students. â€Å"Some examples of†¦show more content†¦Grades are probably the most positive example of extrinsic motivation. Many students are driven by grades for higher education and future jobs. When rewards such as candy and toys are used to gain student motivation it can be considered bribery. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs At the basis of motivation there are many factors that may not been seen right away. One must take a look at physiological reasons for motivation. How do we get students to their fullest potential? Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of self-actualization. This is the idea that we use our abilities to our fullest potential. If we can convince our students that they are capable of fulfilling their goals then they are on their way to self-efficacy. (Elliot, 2000 p.335). Self-actualization is the highest goal to reach in motivation. It is placed at the top of Maslow’s pyramid called the hierarchy of needs. This pyramid includes five needs that must be met before self-actualization can develop. The idea of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that if basic needs are not met, motivation cannot occur. The first need is physiological needs. These are things such as hunger and sleep. If these needs are not met, a student’s motivation is dominantly focused on these things. The next need up on the pyramid is safety needs. These needsShow MoreRelatedThe Motivation And Intrinsic Motivation1065 Words   |  5 PagesAll children are unique and learn in different ways, however, when it comes to their motivation they will most likely fall into one of two categories. Extrinsic motivation revolves around grades and points and competition, and intrinsic motivation stems more from personal interests, sense of belonging, and passion to grow. (Carol Dweck). Roman, an 11-year-old high functioning autistic child, had no desire to participate in any class learning when I began working with him. He only excitedly and willinglyRead MoreMotivation, Motivation And Intrinsic Motivation951 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching on how motivation works in our brain, we cannot make a conclusion about the truth of the motivation in the past century. Luckily, Daniel Pink announces his latest results, â€Å"The Puzzle of Motivation†, on TED in 2009, which gives us a brand new idea about our motivation and how we could improve us by learning his method. In this essay, I will illustrates the main point of Daniel Pink, the evidence given in his speech, also the benefits I get from his idea which increase my self-motivation and helpsRead MoreMotivation, Motivation And Intrinsic Motivation1629 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction There are certain theories that works in the business organization at both practical and theoretical levels and one of such theories is motivation. The term motivation has been defined, discussed and has been dealt with a number of times as in accordance with the changing dynamics of the business organizations. Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci defines a person to be motivated if, a person is moved to do something. (2000). Thereby it simply means that the one who is not energized orRead MoreMotivation, Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivation756 Words   |  4 PagesMotivation is a very important factor no matter what sport you coach or what the team or athlete goals are. A true coach must be able to understand their athlete and be able to tap into their motivation, maximizing their performance. Chapter four was written about two particular types of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic. No matter what theory you believe, all theories boil down to these two types of motivation. Knowing the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, can help you honeRead MoreExtrinsic Motivation And Intrinsic Motivation917 Words   |  4 Pagesthem the help that they need. Our agency has the ability to affect the lives of other people in a positive way, which leads to intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation occurs when the employees have positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well, rather than being dependent on external factors like incentive pay or compliments from the boss, leading to motivation to work effectively. Designing a Motivating Workplace – The Job Characteristics Model As stated previously, the five employeesRead MoreIntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation1083 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation Ken 1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Literature Review AK 11 April 2013 Professor J. Losche PSY-432 Ken 2 Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation help to fit psychological values and beliefs of an individual. Intrinsic motivation comes from the inside of an individual, such as the drive to do something. Extrinsic motivation comes from the outside factors, such as doing something for a reward. There are mixed emotionsRead MoreMotivation - Extrinsic and Intrinsic1014 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ ESSAY #2 Motivation: Extrinsic to Intrinsic Motivation is a key factor in determining business success or failure. Successful organizations relentlessly seek to operate with a clear understanding of employee needs , and develop specific focus’ on how to meet them. Two key theories in organizational motivation are expectancy theory and equity theory. Both theories focus on the outcomes of a given decision or system rather than on individual employee needs. The goal of both processRead More Intrinsic Motivation is Ideal1880 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstand why this attitude toward learning develops, the concept of motivation in education must be defined and examined in a theoretical sense. Motivation is an essential condition of learning (Ray, 1992, p.3). A motivating condition may be defined as an emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action. Ray (1992) comments that motivation in education is concerned with students’ motivation to learn (p.3). With the understanding of these defined conceptsRead More Intrinsic Motivation Essay2788 Words   |  12 PagesIntrinsic Motivation Sometimes a student can be fascinated in a subject and are eager to learn more without outside influence or help. This kind of a situation is when there exists a large amount of intrinsic incentive to motivate a child. It is when a student enjoys an aspect of an activity enough to be motivated within. An intrinsic incentive could arise in any subject of interest such as dinosaurs, famous people, or far off places. However, topics that are learned in schools today do notRead MoreMotivation : Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors1476 Words   |  6 PagesMotivation: An Evaluation of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Motivation has been widely studied and particularly explored in organisational behaviour. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivations are two areas of current discourse that have been critically examined for motivating workforce. This paper aims to: define extrinsic and intrinsic motivations; outline the competing views regarding the relationship between the concepts; and, apply the research findings to a workplace observation within the Royal

Service and Relationship Marketing for Customer Behaviour

Question: Discuss about theService and Relationship Marketing for Customer Behaviour and Culture. Answer: According to Lautiainen (2015), customer behaviour can be explained as the manner in which the decision regarding the selection, purchase and use of the products and services is taken by an individual. Various organisations are providing different products and services for the purpose of meeting the needs and expectations of the customers. Customer behaviour determines the decision for the selection and purchase of the product or service. Customer behaviour plays a vital role for a business as performance; success and growth of the business are dependent on the behaviour of its customers. There are different stages through which a customer passes from while making a decision regarding the purchase of the product or service. With the change in the business environment, there has been a change in the manner in which customers are making a decision regarding the purchase of a product or service. Various factors are responsible for the decision taken by the customer and determining the b ehaviour of the customer towards a product or service (Ogbeide, 2015). These factors which determine the customer behaviour include income level, education level, age and gender of the customer, price, and promotional techniques used by the companies; the trend in the market, previous experiences gained by the individual and need of the customers. All these factors help the individual in making a decision regarding the selection and purchase of the product or service which enhances the satisfaction level of the customer. Most important factor among these factors is the previous experiences of the individual as the behaviour of the customer gets affected by the satisfaction level customer have derived from the consumption of the product or service (Musasa, 2014). Businesses need to analyse the behaviour of the customers for analysing the chances of survival and growth of the business. Customer behaviour changes constantly due to which buying decision of the customer changes. The behaviour of every customer is different from others as there are various factors which affect the behaviour of the customers which includes nature of the individual, life style, culture and trend. Customer behaviour is an important aspect for every business and for attracting the customers and creating a positive impact on the customer behaviour, companies are using different techniques. The quality of the products or services and customer behaviour are directly proportional to each other. Customer behaviour helps in determining the purchase decision of the individual. Customer behaviour helps in making predictions regarding the future decisions of the business (Ogbeide, 2015). Culture can be defined as the values, customs, beliefs and behaviour adopted by the different individuals of the society for coping with the world. The culture of every country differs from each other which create an impact on the customer behaviour. Culture plays a vital role for business as it shapes the behaviour of the customer towards the products or services offered. Culture is the sum total of different elements which determine the behaviour of the customer. Elements which sum up the culture are society, attitude, and feelings of the individuals, traditions and language (Speirs, 2011). Cultural aspects of the country create an impact on the choice of the customers and buying decision of the customers. The culture of the customer shapes the perception of the customers, values adopted by the customers and actions of the customers. Wants of the customers are determined on the basis of the culture. Businesses need to analyse the culture of the country for determining the behaviour and thoughts of the customers on which their buying decision is dependent on. It has been analysed that the sale of the product or service at one location is more than the other one. This is due to the differences in the culture of the locations (Durmaz, 2014). Culture sets boundaries for the business to operate within. Culture determines the manner in which individual spends money. Cultural aspects of every country differ from another which creates an impact on the choice and selection process of every individual. Cultural factors are crucial for determining the buying behaviour of the customers. Culture set the preference or the buying pattern among the customers (Akpan John, 2016). Business needs to analyse the culture of different locations for enhancing the customer base and enhancing the performance of the business. The culture of the location is an important element which ensures the satisfaction level of the customers from the products or services offered. The culture of every country is dynamic as changes are taking place in the values, beliefs and behaviour adopted by the society. The manner in which a product or service is marketed is determined by the culture of the country. The behaviour of the customer is regulated by the cul ture of the place. Cultural analysis needs to be done for analysing the behaviour of the customers (Spiers, et. al., 2014). Service encounter can be explained as the transactional interactions between two persons in which one is engaged in providing service or product to another person. Service encounter is the medium for the exchange of the products and services. Service encounter includes tangible as well as intangible products or services which have the potential to create an impact on the satisfaction level of the customers. It forms a base for the interaction between the service provider and customer (Singh, 2013). Service encounter can be pre core or post core as customers may need assistance before the purchase of goods or services for gaining information related to the product or after the purchase of the goods or services for issues faced by them. It is vital for a business to develop healthy relationships with the customers. Service encounter creates a huge impact on the experience gained by the customers. The satisfaction level of a customer depends on the treatment customer gets from the servi ce provider during the exchange of the service or product. Perception of the customers towards the service is dependent on the service encounter. Chances of success of the business can be determined with the help of the positive service encounter (Larsson, 2009). In this competitive world, the role of service encounter in the service and product management industry is increasing. Increasing competition has motivated companies to enhance the quality of the services or products. This provides a competitive advantage to the companies as well as builds a healthy and positive relationship between the service provider and customers. This enhanced quality of the products or services has developed loyalty among the customers. The quality of service is judged by the customers on the basis of the service encounters. The quality of the services rendered to the customers acts as a customer retention tool. Service encounter is also termed as Moment of truth (Wang Hsu, 2012). The quality of the services forms a base for the expansion of the customer base and gaining the trust of the customers. Service encounter helps in focusing on the quality offered to the customers for the attainment of the desired goals. Measurement of the satisfaction level of the cu stomers helps in analysing the response of the customer towards the products or services offered. Type of relationship between the service provider and service receiver is determined by the effectiveness of service encounter. When a customer feels that it is valued by the service provider, then it feels satisfied and trust is generated among both the parties towards each other (Singh, 2013). References Akpan John, S., 2016, The Influence Of Cultural Factors On Consumer Buying Behaviour (A Case Study Of Pork), British Journal of Marketing Studies, Vol.4, No.6, pp.44-57. Durmaz, Y., 2014, The Influence of Cultural Factors on Consumer Buying Behaviour and an Application in Turkey, Global Journal of Management and Business Research: E Marketing, Volume 14, Issue 1. Larsson, L. I. O. P., 2009, Service Work and Employee Experience of the Service Encounter, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT Working Life Science. Lautiainen, T., 2015, Factors affecting consumers buying decision in the selection of a coffee brand, Saimaa University of Applied Sciences. Musasa, T., 2014, Customer Service And Its Impact On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour At Supermarkets In The Greater Area Of Ethekwini., Durban University of Technology. Ogbeide, O. A., 2015, Consumer behaviour in product acquisition: Literature review, Research Gate. Singh, S., 2013, Positive Service Encounter: A Tool for Customer Loyalty in Retail, Journal of Business Theory and Practice, Vol. 1, No. 2. Speirs, S. C., 2011, The Impact of Culture on Consumer Behaviour Across the Caribbean, The University of the West Indies. Spiers, S., Gundala, R. R. Singh, M., 2014, Culture and Consumer BehaviorA Study of Trinidad Tobago and Jamaica, International Journal of Marketing Studies; Vol. 6, No. 4. Wang, C. H. Hsu, L. C., 2012, How do Service Encounters Impact on Relationship Benefits, International Business Research, Vol. 5, No. 1.

Multicultural Educaiton

Multicultural Educaiton- Piecing Together the Puzz Essay le Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle When a child opens his (or her) first puzzle and the pieces fall to the ground, it may seem very confusing. What are they to do with this pile of shapes in front of them? It often takes a parent to explain to them that all the different pieces fit together into one whole picture. Although every piece is different and unique, when they are all put into their place they form one whole picture. In the same way, teachers can teach multiculturalism in the classroom. Although every member of our society is unique, with different cultural backgrounds, we all fit together to form one unit. As stated by Noel (1995), Understanding our own identity and the culture of our community requires knowledge and recognition of our cultures and communities and how they have shaped us (p. 267). By adding a multicultural component to their curriculums, teachers can help students see how each individual fits into the big picture. There are, however, arguments against multicultural education (Banks, 1995). For example, some critics believe that multicultural education is directed toward only minority groups, thus discriminating against middle class, white, heterosexual males. Others believe that multiculturalism is against Western and democratic ideals. A final argument is the claim that multiculturalism will divide our presumably united nation. Although critics of multicultural education may feel they have valid arguments against the issue, I feel that the goals of multicultural education make it an important part of the curriculum that every student should experience. I agree with Wurzel (1988) and Noel (1995) when they stress awareness as a key component to multiculturalism. Students must become aware of their own culture and how they are similar and different from others. Awareness also involves an understanding of issues involving differences in culture and a knowledge of which of these issues are present in their community. After becoming aware of these issues, students often react emotionally. With an awareness of the richness and variety of cultures in their community and a personal emotional reaction, students can take social action, another goal of multicultural education (Noel, 1995). Noel says that students would take action aimed at positive multicultural change(p. 272). I feel that these goals are proof that the arguments against multicultural education are invalid (Banks, 1995). Multiculturalism promotes positive change for persons of all cultures. It involves not only teaching majority groups about minorities, but also teaching minority groups about the majority groups. It has its base in democratic ideals such as equality, freedom, and justice. Multiculturalism will unite our divided nation into one unit which will have no mainstream culture, but many diverse subcultures which will cooperate for the good of everyone, not just the majority or the minority. I feel very strongly that multiculturalism should be included in all curricula. My school experience (until college) didnt include multicultural perspectives and I feel as if I missed out on some important things. I often feel a little clueless when confronted with situations involving people different from me. Without some knowledge of our surroundings, how can we be expected to survive in society? This question reveals one of the purposes of education, survival. Learning about the other people who share our community is an essential part of this survival in modern society. Multiculturalism becomes increasingly important as our society becomes more diverse. In the past (Lynch, 1989), efforts to provide multicultural content to students have, as critics feared, created more diversity and tension among groups. However, more recent methods are aimed at creating relations based on commonalities. Lynch (1989) suggests providing a basis of common knowledge, skills, and insights about the things that all human societies should hold in common (p. 43). .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f , .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .postImageUrl , .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f , .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f:hover , .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f:visited , .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f:active { border:0!important; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f:active , .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubcdc51bc9eca75086cca9b0bb5c3492f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Edgar Allan Poe Essay On The Tell Tale Hart Stressing similarities will unify groups with differences. Davidman (1994) defines the goals of multicultural education as: (1) educational equity; (2) empowerment of students and their parents; (3) cultural pluralism in society; (4) understanding and harmony in the classroom, school, and community; (5) an expanded knowledge of various cultural and ethnic groups; and (6) the development of students, parents, and practitioners.. .guided by an informed and inquisitive multicultural perspective (p.2). Just as the goals stated by other crusaders for multiculturalism, Davidsons goals follow a .